(3) That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.
3. 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。
Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.
Those who support the “nurture”theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. (4) The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.
4. 行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。

Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence, offered by the two theories. (5) Supporters of the “nature”theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They don’t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (6) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
5. 支持“天性”论的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。
6. 行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展。
The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. (7) In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature”proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (8) Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.
Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.
7. 在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。
8. 相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。
考研英语翻译，每分必争。























七.1986年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
Section VII Chinese-English Translation
Translate the following sentences into English. (15 points)
1.    去年的好收成是由于农场管理的改进和有利的气体条件。
1. The good crop last year was due to the improvement of farm management and favorable weather condition.
2. 他在科研上取得的成就要比预期的大。
2. The success he has achieved in scientific research is greater than expected.
3. 我们现在必须做的是把情况作一番仔细的调查。
3. What we must do now is to make a careful investigation of the situation.
4. 很难说哪个方案更为切实可行。
4. It’s hard to say which plan is more practicable.
5. 昨晚如果他来了，问题也许已得到解决。
5. If he had come yesterday evening, the question might have been solved.

Section VIII English-Chinese Translation
Translate the following passage into Chinese. Only the underlined sentences are to be translated. (20 points)
It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards. (1) If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities. (2) If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit. (3) Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do. (4) Most students would, I believe, profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all rounders”with no particular interest. They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say, “I should like to have been an archaeologist. If I hadn’t taken a degree in Modern Languages, I shouldn’t have ended up as an interpreter, but it’s too late now. I couldn’t go back and begin all over again.”
1. 如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程，我们就不难发现，对一个学生来说，要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。
2. 如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识，为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有好处的。
3. 学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束，气氛往往令人感到过于拘束，使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解。
4. 我认为大多数学生，尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”，经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益。
(5) There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one’s time at university. (6) This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning. (7) He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about. (8) It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.
5. 当然，关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间，还有另外一个方面。
6. 某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。
7. 他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受，再花三、四年时间，以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位，成为一名专家，但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知。
8. 因此，如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会，就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的指点。这个问题显得越来越重要了。

八.1987年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析
Section VII Chinese-English Translation
Translate the following sentences into English (15 points)
1. 所有那些努力工作的人都应得到鼓励。
All those who work hard should be encouraged.
2. 我们恳切希望你早日给我们一个答复。
We sincerely hope that you give us an early reply.
3. 即使你说服不了他，也不要灰心丧气。
Don’t feel discouraged even if you should fail in persuading him.
4. 这件事至今还没有得出正确的结论。
So far no correct conclusion has been drawn on the matter.
5. 你讲英语时，发音要准，否则人家就听不懂你的意思。
When you speak English, your pronunciation should be correct. Otherwise you can’t make yourself understood.

Translate the following passage into Chinese. Only the underlined sentences are to be translated. (20 points)
Have there always been cities? (1) Life without large urban areas may seem inconceivable to us, but actually cities are relatively recent development. Groups with primitive economics still manage without them. The trend, however, is for such groups to disappear, while cities are increasingly becoming the dominant mode of man’s social existence. (2) Historically, city life has always been among the elements which form a civilization. Any high degree of human endeavor and achievement has been closely linked to life in an urban environment. (3) It is virtually impossible to imagine that universities, hospitals, large businesses or even science and technology could have come into being without cities to support them. To most people, cities have traditionally been the areas where there was a concentration of culture as well as of opportunity. (4) In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems. What has happened to the modern American city? Actually, the problem is not such a new one. Long before this century started, there had begun a trend toward the concentration of the poor of the American society into the cities. Each great wave of immigration from abroad and from the rural areas made the problem worse. During this century, there has also been the development of large suburban areas surrounding the cities, for the rich prefer to live in these areas. Within the cities, sections may be sharply divided into high and low rent districts, the “right side of town”and the slums.
Of course, everyone wants to do something about this unhappy situation. But there is no agreement as to goals. Neither is there any systematic approach or integrated program. Opinions are as diverse as the people who give them. (5) But one basic difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city as such is to be preserved. Perhaps transportation and the means of communication have really made it possible for there to be an end to the big cities. Of course, there is the problem of persuading people to move out of them of their own free will. (6) And there is also the objection that the city has always been the core from which cultural advancement has radiated. Is this, however, still the case today in the presence of easy transportation and communication? Does culture arise as a result of people living together communally, or is it too the result of decisions made at the level of government and the communications industry?