92．People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living in densely populated areas.

【译文】居住在小城镇里的人似乎往往比居住在人口稠密地区的人更加友好。

【点睛】句中包含比较结构more...than...，比较的对象是people...和those...。who引导的是以people为先行词的定语从句。现在分词短语living in...作those的后置定语。


93．California has more light than it knows what to do with but everything else is expensive.

【译文】加利福尼亚只有阳光多得不知如何是好，而其余所有东西都很贵。

【点睛】本句是由并列连词but连接的两个分句。在前一个分句中，than是关系代词引导定语从句，其中it指代的是California。第二个分句中的everything else指代的是除阳光之外的所有事物。


94．As can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.

【译文】正如通过比较这些数字所看到的结果一样，这项规则需要病人在治疗时积极参与。

【点睛】这句话的主干是... the principles involves the active participation...。as引导的是非限定性定语从句。involve此处意为“要求（某人）参与”。介词短语in the modification of his condition作句子的状语。

【考点归纳】和involve相关的常见短语有：

*　involve doing sth． 需要做某事

Making decisions sometimes involves taking a chance.

做决定有时需要碰运气。

*　involve sb. in sth． 使某人参与某事

The teachers try to involve as many students as possible in the activity.

老师尽量让更多的学生参与该项活动。

*　involve oneself (in) 让自己卷入…

I'm unwilling to involve myself in your business.

我不想卷入你的事务之中。


95．Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.

【译文】吸烟有害身体健康，每年死于吸烟的人数是死于车祸的人数的七倍。

【点睛】该句的主语是动名词smoking。句中包含so...that...结构，表示“太…以致”的含义。that引导的从句中，主语it指代smoking。从句中还包含表示倍数的结构：A...N times more...than B，表示“A…是B的N倍”。

【考点归纳】以下与times相关的结构都可以表示“A…（大小、长度、数量…）是B的N倍”：

*　A is N times as...（great, long, much...）as B

This box is four times as great as that one.

这个箱子的体积是那个箱子的四倍。

*　A is N times...（greater, longer, more...） than B

This box is four times greater than that one.

这个箱子的体积是那个箱子的四倍。

*　A is N times the...（size, length, amount...） of B

This box is four times the size of that one.

这个箱子的体积是那个箱子的四倍。


96．While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.

【译文】尽管对于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多，但现代实践最符合这样一种定义，即把历史看作是对过去重大事件的再现和解释。

【点睛】该句中while引导的是让步状语从句，其中包含比较结构as many...as...，比较的是definitions of history和historians的数量。主句中，that引导的是以one为先行词的定语从句，而one指代的是definition of history。see sth. as...意为“把某事物看成…”。


97．Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.

【译文】人们对历史研究方法的兴趣大增，主要不是因为外界怀疑历史作为一门学科的正确性，而是由于历史学家之间的内部争论。

【点睛】句子的主语是名词短语interest in historical methods。并列的介词短语less through...和more from...共同充当句子的状语，而介词短语as an intellectual discipline则对history起到限定作用。


98．Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step further and developed the first “brain training program” designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental sharpness.

【译文】目前一家新兴的网络公司在这方面更进一步，开发了第一个“大脑训练程序”，旨在切实帮助人们改善和恢复头脑的敏锐度。

【点睛】该句的主语是a new Web-based company, has taken it a step further and developed是由and连接的并列谓语，the first “brain training program”是第二个谓语developed的宾语，designed to actually help people improve and regain their mental sharpness是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰the first“brain training program”。designed to可理解为“旨在，目的在于”。


99．There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.

【译文】方法论究竟是指一般历史研究所特有的概念，还是指适合于历史研究各个分支的研究方法，对此人们看法不一。

【点睛】该句中whether引导的是agreement的同位语从句，其中由or连接的介词短语to the concepts...和to the research techniques...共同作refers的宾语。形容词短语peculiar to...和介词短语in general分别作concepts和historical work的后置定语。形容词短语appropriate to...作techniques的后置定语。

【考点归纳】短语refer to有以下几个义项：

*　提到，谈到

I'll never refer to the matter again.

我永远不会再提这件事了。

*　参考，查阅

I have to refer to my notes for the exact figures.

我得查一下笔记，以便找出精确的数字。

*　涉及，关于

The figures refer to the sales abroad.

这些数字是关于海外销售额的。


100．It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.

【译文】它同样适用于传统历史学家和社科历史学家，前者将历史仅仅看作是对历史材料来源的内部的和外部的批评，而后者则把历史研究活动等同于具体的研究方法。

【点睛】该句的主干是it applies equally to traditional historians...and to social science historians...。由and连接的介词短语to traditional historians...和to social science historians...共同作applies的宾语，而两个介词短语中都包含由who引导的定语从句。短语equate...with...意为“等同于”。

【考点归纳】与apply相关的常见短语有：

*　apply to/for 申请

I applied for the post of secretary.

我申请了秘书一职。

*　apply sth. to 将某事物应用于…

New technology is applied to the industrial process.

新技术被应用到工业流程之中。

*　apply oneself 致力于，专心于

If you apply yourself, you can do better.

你如果专心致志，就能做得更好。


101．In what applies to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.

【译文】几乎是在最后一刻才延缓执行，一个委员会宣布紧急救援基金将挽救两颗老化的卫星。

【点睛】介词短语in...execution为句子的状语，其中what引导的是in的宾语从句。that引导的是announced的宾语从句。stay指法律上的延缓执行。keep的宾语是two aging satellites, alive是宾语补足语。


102．Some experts attribute the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called “the bonding hormone” because it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies.

【译文】一些专家将拥抱所带来的减压和与健康有关的益处归功于催产素的释放，催产素通常被称作“情感连接荷尔蒙”，因为它可以促使关系更加紧密，包括像母亲和新生儿之间的紧密关系。

【点睛】本句的主干是experts attribute benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin。because引导的原因状语从句对called “the bonding hormone”进行解释说明。固定搭配attribute sth. to sth．意为“把…归因于…；认为…是由于…”。often called“the bonding hormone”是过去分词短语作oxytocin的插入语，其中名词oxytocin和动词call构成被动关系。including作为介词，意为“包括”，引出例子。that between mothers and their newborn babies中的指示代词that指代前面的名词短语attachment in relationships。


103．Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of practically every business operation in the whole country.

【译文】如果没有电话，整个国家几乎所有的商业运作都不可能执行。

【点睛】介词短语without telephone为句子的状语。it为形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语to carry on...。practically此处意为“几乎，差不多”。介词短语in the whole country作carry on的地点状语。carry on意为“开展，执行”。


104．Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his reaction to a certain book or article that has some bearing on the subject being studied.

【译文】有时，学生可能被要求写自己对与研究课题相关的某本书或某篇文章的看法。

【点睛】sometimes作句子的时间状语。asked和student是被动关系。his reaction为介词about的宾语，而介词短语to a certain book or article为reaction的后置定语。that引导的是以book or article为先行词的定语从句，其中bearing意为“关系，影响”，现在分词短语being studied为subject的后置定语。

【考点归纳】与名词bearing相关的常见短语有：

*　have some/no bearing on... 对…有某种/没有影响

The market fluctuations have a direct bearing on company policy.

市场波动对公司政策有直接影响。

*　lose one's bearings 迷失方向

I completely lost my bearings in the dark.

黑暗中我彻底迷失了方向。

*　get one's bearings （借可辨认的路标等）确定自己的位置

I'll show you around and help you get your bearings.

我会带你四处走走，帮你熟悉一下这个地方。


105．Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around.

【译文】在看一些有趣的卡通片时，那些被迫做出笑脸的人比那些撅嘴、皱眉的人反应更加喜悦，这就表明表情可能会影响情绪，而不仅仅是情绪影响表情。

【点睛】句子的主干是：Those...reacted more enthusiastically to...than did those。其中包含more...than...的比较结构，比较的对象是those forced to exercise their smiling muscles和those whose mouths were contracted in a frown这两种人。whose引导的是以those为先行词的定语从句。suggesting that...为分词结构，其中that引导的是suggesting的宾语从句，rather than意为“而不是”,the other way around意为“相反地，颠倒”。


106．She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would justify her long effort.

【译文】她努力做自己的工作，直到确定所得到的结果可以证明自己长久以来付出的努力没有白费。

【点睛】副词hard为worked的状语。her task为介词at的宾语。before引导的是时间状语从句。that引导的是felt的宾语从句，sure为宾语补足语。justify意为“证明…有道理”。


107．I don't think it's wise of you to show off your greater knowledge in front of the director, for it may offend him.

【译文】我认为，你在主管面前炫耀自己有更多的知识是不明智的，因为那也许会冒犯他。

【点睛】it's wise...the director为think的宾语从句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式短语to show off...。该从句的否定概念被转移，前置到了主句之中。for引导的是原因状语从句，其中it指代show off...the director。show off意为“炫耀，卖弄”。

【考点归纳】与动词show相关的常见短语还有：

*　show sb. around 带某人参观

I'll show you around the building so you can meet everyone.

我会带你到楼里四处看看，让你和大家见个面。

*　show up 出现，到达

I was almost asleep when my boss finally showed up.

老板最终来到时，我几乎睡着了。

*　show the way 闯出路子，做出榜样

The company shows the way with its revolutionary new techniques.

该公司以其革命性的新技术闯出了新路子。


108．Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.

【译文】要不是公众及时投资，我们公司就不会像现在这样蓬勃发展。

【点睛】Had it not been...public为省略if的虚拟条件句，助动词had前置构成倒装。因为句意是表示对过去事实的假设，因此从句用了过去完成时，而主句谓语部分则用“would+动词原形”的形式。主句中not so...as...结构表示“不像…那样…”。


109．He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.

【译文】人们认为他在所有成员中的人气不够旺，因此没有让他担任该协会的主席。

【点睛】take on此处意为“承担（责任等）”。现在分词短语being considered...作句子的原因状语，其中insufficiently意为“不足地”,（be）popular with意为“受…欢迎”。

【考点归纳】与动词take相关的常见短语还有：

*　take part in 参加

I was invited to take part in the debate.

我被邀请参加辩论。

*　take off 起飞

When will the plane take off？飞机什么时候起飞？

*　take over 接管

Who will take over now that you have resigned？

你已经辞职了，谁将接替你呢？

*　take up 开始从事

Mary took up her first teaching post in 1990.

玛丽1990年走上第一个教学岗位。


110．I've kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school with twenty years ago.

【译文】我一直与20年前和我同校的一个女孩保持着友谊。

【点睛】该句中whom引导的是以girl为先行词的定语从句，其中whom作该从句中with的宾语，twenty years ago为时间状语。短语keep up with sb．意为“保持与某人的联系”，本句中的keep up a friend-ship with sb．意为“和某人保持友谊”。

【考点归纳】与动词keep相关的常见短语还有：

*　keep back 隐瞒（某事）

Are you keeping something back？

你隐瞒着什么吗？

*　keep (oneself) from doing sth． 克制（自己）不做某事

I could hardly keep from laughing.

我几乎忍不住笑起来。

*　keep to 遵循，遵守（计划、时刻表等）

We have to keep strictly to the terms of the contract．我们必须严格执行合同条款。


111．Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.

【译文】做家庭作业是提高考试成绩的必然手段，随堂考试尤其如此。

【点睛】该句中and连接的是并列的两个分句。第一个分句中，主语为现在分词短语doing your homework。第二个分句中，指示代词this指代上一个分句的内容，when引导的是时间状语从句，其中when it comes to意为“谈到，涉及”。


112．Although a teenager, Fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do.

【译文】弗雷德尽管才十几岁，但却很抵触别人告诉他应该做什么或不该做什么。

【点睛】although引导的是让步状语，其中省略了主语和谓语he (Fred) is。resist意为“抗拒，反抗”，常接名词或动名词，此处用being told来表明told和Fred之间的被动关系。what to do和what not to do由and连接共同作told的宾语。


113．I apologize if I had offended you, but I assure you it was unintentional.

【译文】如果我冒犯了你，我向你道歉，但我保证那不是有意的。

【点睛】并列连词but连接了前后两个分句。前一个分句中包含if引导的条件状语从句，该从句用了虚拟语气，用过去完成时表示对过去事实的虚拟。第二个分句中，it was unintentional是assure的宾语从句。

【考点归纳】与assure相关的常见短语还有：

*　I (can) assure you 我敢向你保证

The document is genuine; I can assure you.

我敢向你保证，这文件是真的。

*　assure sb. of sth． 向某人保证某事

I can assure you of the product's quality.

我可以向你保证该产品的质量。

*　be assured of 有信心，有把握

This party is assured of success in the election.

该政党有把握在选举中获胜。


114．As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn't have dressed up so formally.

【译文】结果那只是个小型的家庭聚会，我们根本不用穿得那么正式。

【点睛】as引导的是状语从句，其中turn out意为“最后结果是”。主句的谓语部分采用了needn't have done的形式，表示“本不该做某事但却做了”。

【考点归纳】need的用法具体如下：

*　作情态动词时，常用于否定句中表示“不必”。

You needn't have come so early.

你不必那么早来。

也可用于肯定句中。

If he wants anything, he need only ask.

他想要什么，只要说一声就行。

*　作及物动词时，意为“需要”，后面可跟名词、代词、不定式，还可以跟动名词表被动。

His hair needed cutting.

他的头发该剪了。


115．But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.

【译文】但是更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们所观察的是150亿年前存在的形状和结构。

【点睛】该句中包含it was...that...的强调句式，被强调的是the farthest。even more important为句子的状语。for引导的是原因状语从句，其中what引导的是主语从句，that引导的是以patterns and structures为先行词的定语从句。短语look into sth．意为“调查/观察某事物”。

【考点归纳】与look相关的常见短语还有：

*　look after 照顾，负责处理

I'll look after the business until the manager gets back．在经理回来之前，由我负责打理生意。

*　look forward to sth. /doing sth． 期待，盼望

We're looking forward to our vacation.

我们期盼着假期的到来。

They're so much looking forward to seeing the film Transformer．他们非常期待去看电影《变形金刚》。

*　look to 指望，依靠

I look to you for support．我指望得到你的支持。


116．The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.

【译文】巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使20世纪20年代首次提出的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。

【点睛】该句的主干是The existence...was...required...。first put forward in the 1920s是插入语，用于修饰限定之前的the Big Bang，其中put forward和the Big Bang之间是被动关系。介词短语as...是reign的补足语。

【考点归纳】与put相关的常见短语还有：

*　put off 推迟，延期

The meeting's been put off till next week.

会议已推迟到下星期。

*　put on 穿上，涂上

It takes me about half an hour to put my make-up on every morning．我每天早上要花大约半小时化妆。

*　put out 熄灭，关（灯）

The fire was finally put out．火终于被熄灭了。