6.Sentence meaning与Utterance meaning的区别
  Sentence meaning---abstract, decontextualized.
  Utterance meaning---concrete, contextualized it’s based on sentence meaning, it’s the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.
区分句子和话句，类似区分语义和语用学，关键在于是否考虑语境。
7.While most utterances take the form of sentences ,i.e. most utterances are complete sentences
In terms of syntax, some utterances are not, and some can’t even be restored to complete sentences

 


Chapter 7     Historical linguistics
一、定义
1.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics
A term used in stead of historical linguistics to the study of language change at various points in time at various historical stage.
2.元音大交替Great Vowel Shift
A series of systematic sound change  in the history of English that involved seven long vowels and consequently led to one of the major discrepancies between English pronunciation and its spelling system.
3.词尾脱落Apocope
The deletion of a word-final vowel segment.
4.插入音Epenthesis
The insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word.
5.首字母缩略词Acronym
A word created by combining the initials of a number of words.
6.混合法Blending
A process  of forming a new word by combining parts of two other words.
7.缩写词Abbreviation
A shortened  form of a word or phrase which represents the complete form.
8.略写词Clipping
A kind of  abbreviation of otherwise longer words or phrases.
9.逆向构词法Back-formation
A process by which new words are formed by taking away he suffix of an existing word.
10.语义扩大化Semantic broadening
The process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historical earlier denotation.缩小less general or inclusive
11.原始语Protolanguage
The original form of a language family which has ceased to exist.
12.语系Family language
A group of historically related languages that have developed from a comon ancestral language.
13.同源词Cognate
A word in one language which is similar in form and meaning to a word in another language because both languages have descended from a common source.
14.语音同化Sound assimilation
The physiological effect of one sound on another.
15.内部借用Internal borrowing
The application of a rule from one part of the grammar to another part of the grammar by analogy to its earlier operation.
16.派生法Derivation
It refers to the process by which new words are formed by the addition of affixes to the roots, stems, or words.
17.语义转换Semantic shift
It’s a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related meaning.
18.语义细化Elaboration
Rule elaboration occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness.
19.古英语Old English
Old English dates back to the mid-fifth century when Anglo-Saxsons invaded b the British Isles from northern Europe.
20.中世纪英语Middle English    in 1066
Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England under William.
二、知识点
1.the historical study of language is of great importance to our understanding of human languages and human linguistic competence.
2.Language change is universal, continuous and, to a considerable degree, regular and systematic.
3.Middle English had been deeply influenced by Norman French in vocabulary and grammar.
4.in old English, nearly half of the nouns are inflected to mark nominative, genitive, dative, and accusative cases.
5.one of the most obvious change in English is the systematic and regular change in the Vowel Change.
6英语发展的三个历史时期及历史事件
  Old English(449-1100):
  Began with the invasion of the British Isles by English-speaking Anglo-
  Saxons from Europe, ended with the arrival of Norman French invaders
  historically known as the Norman Conquest.
  Middle English(1100-1500)
  It’s distinguished from the Old English period by the Norman Conquest.
  Shakespeare’s plays and Milton’s Poems 受欧洲文艺复兴运动影响最大。
  Modern English(1500 up to now)
  From the Modern English period as the result of the cultural influence
  of the European renaissance movement.
7.古英语和现代英语词的对比
  Old English           Modern English