⑶Belgium: French and Flemish Dutch
22.Most bilingual communities have one thing in common,that’s a fairly clear functional differentiation of the two languages in respect of speech situation known as domains.
23.An ethnic dialect is spoken mainly by a less priviledged population that has experienced form of social isolation,such as racial discrimination or segregation.
24.The most widespread and most familiar ethnic variety of the english langauge is Black English.
25.                教育变体Education varieties Socialect         
年龄变体Age varieties
Social Dialect     性别变体Gender varieties
社会方言        语域变体Register varieties
                称谓术语Address terms
                 俚语    Slang 
 
语言禁语Linguistic taboo
                委婉    Euphemism      from a Greek word
26.当五岁时,syntax is more standard,vocaulary is limited;十岁时,comparatively extensive vocabulary, structure of utterance doesnot differ from adults’speech.            
27.词汇方面，年龄和时代的不同is more noticeable across three generation time span than two-generation time span.
28.Language reflects deep-rooted sexist social attitude toward females by the way neutral terms are interpreted.
29.It’s one way out of the communication dilema is language standardization known as language planning.
30.Standard language is a supposed,socially prestigious dialect of language.
31.One specific aspect of situational use of language is address term usage.
32.委婉语portly,full-figured代fat,inexpensive代cheap,indisposed代sick.
33.The english system of adress terms称谓方法
frist name：Esperanto         last name : Du      title+last name : Mr.Du
title alone : Professor          kin term  : Dad
34.Christains的禁忌语”take the lord’s name in vain”,如hell,darn,
In England,”bloody”is a taboo word which originally referred to the blood of Christ,some”respectable”people consider it a horrid word on a par with obscene or profane language and constantly in the mouths of uneducated speakers.
35.overt thought或subvocal speech（均可用下面定义）
Language and thought may be viewed as indpenedent circles overlapping in some parts,where language and thought are consistent with each other and one never occurs without the other,
When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other,we may regard thought  as”subvocal speech”,and speech as”overt thought”.
三、问答题
1.特殊语域的区分how to distinguish a particular register from other registers?
⑴distinctive words
⑵using words or phrases in a particular way.
⑶speical grammatical constructions,such as scientific language,or legal language.
2.双语和双言的区分distinction between Bilingualism and Diglossia.
Bilingualism refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used in a speech community;in a diglossic community,two varieties of language are used for different situations,one being more standard and higher,and used for more formal matters,the other less prestigious,used for colloquial situations.
双言现象是一个社区有两种标准语，双言社区中，两种语言变体被用作不同的情景。一个较为标准，处于高层次；另一个较为口语化，声望不高。
3. 黑人英语的特点
⑴ one of the most prominent phonological features of black english is the simplification of a consonant cluster at the end of a word dropping the word-final phoneme.e.g.”desk”pronounced as/des/,“told” pronounced as /tou/;
音系特征，通过去掉词尾的音素简化位于词尾辅音连缀。
⑵one of the syntactic feature of black english is the absence of the copula,such as “they mine”,“you crazy”. Copula deletion as such occurs in some other english dialects,as well as in language like Arabic,Russian and chinese;
语法特征，经常缺失系词.
⑶the double negation construction with sentence like”I donot know nobody”.
语法特征，双重否定结构.
黑人英语的disinctive feature persis not for racial,but for social,educationa and economic reasons.