44.Bilingual,pidin＆creole speakers contribute to formation of新语言变体
三、问答题
1.描述变化的本质characterized the nature of language change
All living languages change with time.language change is not only universal and inevitable,but also systematic,extensive,on-going,and gradual.Language change is a rule-governed behavior,involving all components of the grammar.
2.语言变化的原因list the major causes of language change
Sound assimilation,Rule simplification and internal borrowing与语法变化有关
⑴语音同化Sound assimilation
Assimilative processes are phonological changes due to physiological mechanisms.it also involves vowel nasalization and morphological and lexical changes.
⑵规则简化Rule simplification
 It’s a type of spontaneous morphological rule change involves exceptional plural forms of nouns.the same kind of analogic change is exemplified by the regularization of some borrowed words whose plural formation rule is different from the regular english.
⑶内部借用Internal Borrowing
It’s motivated by the need to lessen the burden on memory is called internal borrowing.it represents a continual readjustment of a language’s grammatical system as it develops from one state of equilibrium to another.
⑷规则细化  Elaboration
It occurs when there is a need to reduce ambiguity and increase communicative clarity or expressiveness.
⑸社会因素Social triggers
⑹文化转移Cultural transmission
⑺儿童语法接近成人语法Children’s approximation toward the adult grammar.
A generally accepted view among language acquisition scholars is that children acquire their native language not through formal instrucation of grammatical rules, they often construct their personal information they hear.





Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics
一、定义
1.言语社区Speech Community
It refers to a group of people who form a community and share at least one speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms.
2.社会方言Socialect
A variety of language used by people belonging to a prticular social class.
3.语域Register
A functional speech or language variety that involves degrees of formality depending on the speech situation concerned.
4.标准语Standard Language
A superposed prestigious variety of language of a community or nation,usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.
5.通用语Lingua Franca
A variety of language that serves as a common speech for social contact among groups of people who speak different native languages or dialects.
6.洋泾浜语Pidgin边缘性接触语言=有限的词汇+缩减的语法结构by其他语言的本族语者 
A marginal contact language with a limited vocabulary and reduced grammatical structures,used by native speakers of other languages as a means of business communication.
7.双言现象Diglossia
A sociolinguistic situation in which two very different varieties of language co-exist in a speech community,each serving a particular social function and used for a particular situation.
8.语言禁忌Linguistic taboo
An obscene,profane,or swear word or expression that is prohibited from general use by the educated and “polite”society.
9.委婉语Euphemism
A word or expression that is thought to be mild,indirect,or less offensive and used as a polite substitute for the supposedly harsh and unpleasant word or expression.
10.语码转换Code-Switching
It refers to a bilingual speaker foten uses two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker.人们在交际中根据需要轮流使用不同的语言、方言或其他变体。
11.语言变体Speech Variety
It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or gourp of speakers.the distinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic,or a combination of linguistic features.
12.双语Bilingualism
It refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.
13.少数民族方言Ethnic Dialect
It refers to a phenomenon that within a society speech variation may come about cos of different ethnic backgrounds.
14.使用域Domain
It refers to a phenomenon that most bilingual communities have one thing in common,that’s, a fairly clear functional diferentiation of the two languages in respect of speech situations,for example, the home Domain,Employment Domain.
15.语言计划Language Planning
It’s certain authorities,such as the government choosees a particular speech variety and spread the use of it,including its pronunciation and spelling systems,across regional boundaries.
16.发音Accent