4.列举女性言语和男性言语相异的方面
List several ways of speech of women and men differ from each other.
⑴Women tend to use more presigious forms,more polite and indirect language,and more specific color terms than their male counterparts.
⑵Women use more questions than declarative statements than males.
5.Why is productivity unique to langauge?
⑴The productivity of language is the property which enables its users to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances,including the novel utterances that they have never said heard before,
⑵The feature is unique to human langauge because most animal communication system appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.
⑶For example,bee dancing is used only to indicate nectar sources,which is the only kind of message that can be sent through the meaning.
6.Why is syntax regarded as a system of rules?
As a major component of grammar,syntax consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical setences.A sentence is considered grammatical when it conforms to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.if,on the other hand,a sentence violates a rule according to which words are organized,then native speakers will judge it to be an impossible sentence of that langauge.
Universally found in the grammars of all human languages,syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a langauge speaker.
For any natural language,it's the set of rules that makes it possible for the speakers to produce,comprehend and memorize the vase number of sentences of their native language





Chapter 9 Psycholinguistics
一、定义
1.大脑皮层Cerebral Cortex
The outside surface of the brain which receives messages from all the sensory organs and where human cognitive abilities reside.
接受所有感觉器官传来的信息，是人的认知能力所存在的区域。
2.大脑侧化Brain Lateralization
The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain.
认知机能和感知机能位于大脑的某一半球。
3.语言侧化Linguistic lateralization
Hemispheric specialization or dominance for language.
4.两耳分听Dichotic Listening
A research technique which has been used to study how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.
5.关键期the critical period
An early period of one’s life extending to the age of puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire language naturally and effortlessly, a period that coincides with the period of brain laterlization for language functions.
6. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis假设
A theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf which states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language.
人们看世界的方式完全或部分地由他们母语的结构决定，
7.自我交际Interpersonal communication
The process of using language within the individual to facilitate one’s own thought and aid the formulation and manipulation of concepts.
语言使用者本人用语言促进自己的思维和帮助形成和使用概念的过程。
8.无声言语Subvocal Speech
A term used to refer to thought when thought and language are identical or closely parallel to each other.
用于指语言和思维是同一或近乎相同的.
9.神经元Neurons
Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called Neurons.
10.脑半球Hemispheres
The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called hemisphere.
11.Broca’s area                French Surgeon: Paul Broca
The language centre in the frontal lobe in the left cerebral hemisphere is know as Broca’s area.
12.语言决定论Linguistic determinism
Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language, or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, hence the strong notion of linguistic determinism.
13.语言相对论Linguistic relativism
It refers to the belief that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, that is, relative to their linguistic background.
It’s hypothesis proposed by an American linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf concerning language and thought.
二、知识点
1.Three areas of the left hemisphere are vital to language:
 Broca’s area.     =Expression