Unit 84


At 18，Ashanthi Desilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century．Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system （the“bubble-boy disease,” named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent），she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source，in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked．Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992，she is completely healthy with normal immune function，according to one of the doctors who treated her，W．French Anderson of the University of Southern California．Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones．And the dreaming may continue for decades more．“There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease,” Anderson says，“within 50 years.”

It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson's early success．The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005，and there is no shortage of promising leads．The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don’t cause human disease．“The virus is sort of like a Trojan Horse,” says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College．“The cargo is the gene.”

At the University of Pennsylvania's Abramson Cancer Center，immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection．At Cornell University，researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson's disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children's brain cells．At Stanford University and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia，researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life．Animal experiments have shown great promise.

But somehow，things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient．In human trials of the hemophilia treatment，patients show a response at first，but it fades over time．And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999，when Jesse Gelsinger，an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder，died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania．Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge．This summer，researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a“marathon mouse” by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already，officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of“gene doping.” But the principle is the same，whether you’re trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk．“Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea,” says Crystal．“And eventually it's going to work.”


注（1）：本文选自Newsweek；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象：第1、2题分别模仿2003年真题Text 1第2题和第1题，第3、4题分别模仿2004年真题Text 1第5 题和第3题，第5题模仿2002年真题Text 3第5题。



1．The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to ______.

A) show the promise of gene-therapy

B) give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases

C) introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team

D) explain how gene-based treatment works

2．Anderson's early success has ______.

A) greatly speeded the development of medicine

B) brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy

C) promised a cure to every disease

D) made him a national hero

3．Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

A) Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly．

B) Despite the huge funding，gene researches have shown few promises.

C) Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses.

D) Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.

4．The word“tarnish”（Line 5，Paragraph 4）most probably means ______.

A) affect

B) warn

C) trouble

D) stain

5．From the text we can see that the author's attitude towards gene therapy seems ______.

A) optimistic

B) pessimistic

C) troubled

D) uncertain





篇章剖析


本篇文章是说明文，主要说明基因疗法的前景、现状、遭遇的问题以及人们对待基因疗法的态度。文章第一段以上世纪90年代一次成功的基因治疗为例说明基因疗法的广阔前景；第二段介绍了基因疗法的现状和治疗机制；第三段介绍了目前用基因疗法治疗多种疾病的研究情况；第四段介绍了基因疗法遭遇的问题以及人们对基因疗法的态度。





词汇注释


sterile /ˈsteraɪl/ adj. 无细菌的；消毒的

gene-therapy 基因疗法

hemophilia /ˌhiːməˈfɪlɪə/ n. 血友病

mutant /ˈmjuːtənt/ adj. 【生】突变的

therapeutic /θerəˈpjuːtɪk/ adj. 治病的；治疗术的；治疗学的

Trojan Horse （神话）特洛伊木马（特洛伊战争时希腊人做的木马，希腊兵藏在木马腹中，混入特洛伊城）；〈喻〉 内部的破坏集团

cargo /ˈkɑːgəʊ/ n. （船、飞机所载的）货物

immunologist /ˌɪmjʊˈnɒlədʒɪst/ n. 免疫学家

Parkinson's disease 震颤麻痹症，帕金森症

clot /klɒt/ v. （使）凝结

metabolic /ˌmetəˈbɒlɪk/ adj. 新陈代谢的

tarnish /ˈtɑːnɪʃ/ v. 败坏；玷污；诽谤；中伤

edge /edʒ/ n. 优势

doping /ˈdəupɪŋ/ n. 加添加剂

dystrophy /ˈdɪstrəfi/ n. 【医】 营养不良





难句突破


Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system （the“bubble-boy disease,” named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent），she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source，in the genes of her white blood cells.

主体句式：She was treated with a..．therapy.

结构分析：这是一个复杂长句。过去分词born引导了一个包含定语从句（that引导的定语从句，修饰disorder）和插入语（同样在其中含有带定语从句的分词短语）的原因状语，主句中又跟了一个定语从句（that引导的用来修饰therapy的从句）。

句子译文：她一出生就患上了一种极为罕见而且通常致命的免疫系统不全症（即“气泡男孩症”，该病得名于早期的一位在消过毒的塑料帐篷里生活多年的患者），从1990年开始，她就接受了一种全新的治疗方法，这种方法试图医治其病源——在她的白血球基因中治疗免疫缺陷。





题目分析


1．A 细节题。文章第一句话对用基因疗法治疗Ashanthi所患罕见疾病的成功给予了很高的评价，并在第一段末指出医生们对基因疗法寄予了极高的期望。由此可见，答案应该是A。

2．B 细节题。文章第二段一开头就说：“It's not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson's early success.”从时间上来看，Anderson采用基因疗法的成功尝试已经是1990年的事情了，但是他的成功没有让医学加速发展。

3．C 细节题。文章第二段对于基因治疗的方式的解释是用于治疗的基因通过“viruses that don't cause human disease”进入体内，就好像“特洛伊木马”一样，由此可见，这些病毒是无害的。

4．D 语义题。第四段上文提到基因疗法遭受的一次挫折——一个病人因接受基因疗法而死亡；接着讲专家担心运动员利用基因疗法在比赛中作弊会进一步tarnish这一领域，从上下文逻辑推理，应该是“有损，玷污”这一类的意思，答案D符合题意，为正确答案。

5．A 推理题。作者的态度从文章第一句话和最后一句话就可以明显判断出来。第一句话说基因疗法是20世纪的伟大成就之一，最后一句话说“Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea”，由此可见作者对基因疗法持积极乐观的态度。





参考译文



住在克利夫兰郊区18岁的阿珊赛·德西娃是20世纪智力成就的鲜明代表。她一出生就患上了一种极为罕见而且通常致命的免疫系统不全症（即“气泡男孩症”，该病得名于早期的一位在消过毒的塑料帐篷里生活多年的患者）。从1990年开始，她就接受了一种全新的治疗方法，这种方法试图医治其病源——在她的白血球基因中治疗免疫缺陷。这种方法奏效了。来自南加州大学的一位曾经参与治疗的医生W·弗伦奇·安德森说，虽然她上次接受基因治疗的时间已经是1992年，但现在的她完全健康，并且拥有正常的免疫功能。长期以来研究人员一直梦想用正常基因取代突变基因的方法治疗血友病和癌症等各种疾病。这种梦想也许还会延续几十年。安德森说：“在50年内，基本上各种疾病都会有一种基因疗法。”

现在还不完全清楚为什么自从安德森的早期成功之后，医学发展却如此缓慢。国家卫生研究院预算办公室估计2005年该院将投入4．32亿美元用于基因疗法的研究，而且大有领先的可能。治疗基因通常都是通过那些不会引起人类疾病的病毒进入体内的。“这种病毒就好像特洛伊木马，”来自韦尔·康奈尔医学院的纽约基督教长老会教徒罗纳德·克利斯特尔说，“它运送的货物则是基因。”

在宾州大学阿博拉姆逊癌症中心，免疫学家卡尔·琼最近用一种基因来治疗艾滋病病毒感染者，以帮助他们的细胞抵御感染。在康奈尔大学，研究人员正在研究用基因疗法治疗帕金森症和一种破坏儿童脑细胞的罕见遗传疾病。在斯坦福大学和费城儿童医院，研究人员也在尝试找出帮助血友病患者的方法。目前血友病患者必须注射昂贵的促凝血药物来维持生命。动物实验已经表明这项研究大有可为。

但不知什么缘故，从实验室转换到病人，有一些环节缺失了。在治疗血友病的人体试验中，病人最初有一些反应，但经过一段时间，这种反应就消失了。此外，这一领域还没有从1999年遭受的那一次挫折中恢复过来。那一年，身患罕见新陈代谢紊乱症的18岁青年杰西·格尔辛基在宾州大学接受基因疗法试验后死亡。一些专家担心如果接下来受益的人群不是病人而是想增强竞争力的运动员的话，将更有损这个领域的形象。今年夏天，圣迭戈索尔克研究院的研究人员说他们已经通过植入增强奔跑能力的基因创造出了一只“马拉松老鼠”；而世界反兴奋剂机构也已经准备检验运动员有没有“基因作弊”的迹象。但无论你是在帮助一个健康的赛跑者跑得更快还是让一个营养不良症患者行走起来，其原理都是相同的。“大家都知道基因疗法是个非常好的想法，”克里斯托尔说道，“基因疗法最终会有用的。”





Unit 85


Shortages of flu vaccine are nothing new in America，but this year's is a whopper．Until last week，it appeared that 100 million Americans would have access to flu shots this fall．Then British authorities，concerned about quality-control problems at a production plant in Liverpool，barred all further shipments by the Chiron Corp．Overnight，the U.S．vaccine supply dwindled by nearly half—and federal health officials found themselves making an unusual plea．Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated，they’re now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to．“This re-emphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply,” says Dr．Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information，“and the lack of redundancy in our system.”

Why is such a basic health service so easily knocked out? Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it．To create a single dose of flu vaccine，a manufacturer has to grow live virus in a 2-week-old fertilized chicken egg，then crack the egg，harvest the virus and extract the proteins used to provoke an immune response．Profit margins are narrow，demand is fickle and，because each year's flu virus is different，any leftover vaccine goes to waste．As a result，the United States now has only two major suppliers （Chiron and Aventis Pasteur）—and when one of them runs into trouble，there isn’t much the other can do about it．“A vaccine maker can’t just call up and order 40 million more fertilized eggs,” says Manon Cox，of Connecticut-based Protein Sciences Corp．“There's a whole industry that's scheduled to produce a certain number of eggs at a certain time.”

Sleeker technologies are now in the works，and experts are hoping that this year's fiasco will speed the pace of innovation．The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures—a medium already used to make most other vaccines．Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way，but several biotech companies are now pursuing this strategy，and one culture-based product（Solvay Pharmaceuticals’ Invivac）has been cleared for marketing in Europe.

For America，the immediate challenge is to make the most of a limited supply．The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week．That's nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand，but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year．In fact，many experts are hoping the shortage will serve as an awareness campaign—encouraging the people who really need a flu shot to get one.


注（1）：本文选自Newsweek；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象：第1～4题分别模仿1997年真题Text 3第1～4题，第5题模仿1997年真题Text 4第4题。



1．Shortages of flue vaccine show that ______.

A) America relies too much on foreign suppliers

B) the demand of flue vaccines is high this year

C) quality problem is a serious problem in flu vaccine production

D) the supply of flu vaccines is rather weak and America has no back-up measures to make it up

2．The word“cleared” （Line 5，Paragraph 3）might mean ______.

A) permitted

B) removed

C) proved

D) produced

3．Private companies have little interest in producing flu vaccines because of ______.

A) complicated process，high cost，low profit and high risk

B) shortages of fertilized chicken eggs

C) difficulty in growing live virus

D) fast changing of flu virus

4．From the last paragraph we can infer that ______.

A) the government hopes to solve the problem by way of volunteer restrictions

B) more than 47 million Americans who are qualified to get flu vaccine shots cannot get them this year

C) America needs not to worry about a limited supply of flu vaccines this year

D) normally only a small percentage of American population gets flu vaccine shots each year

5．According to the passage，which of the following is TRUE?

A) All Americans are persuaded not to get vaccinated this year.

B) The big problem in innovating flu vaccine's producing technique is how to grow virus in a new way.

C) More flu vaccines cannot be produced in a short time because private companies refuse to produce more.

D) Flu vaccines are easier than most vaccines to produce through cell cultures.





篇章剖析


本篇文章探讨了美国流感疫苗短缺的原因以及今后的解决办法。第一段，作者介绍了美国流感疫苗短缺问题以及其直接原因；第二段，作者剖析了其背后的经济原因；第三段，作者介绍了解决短缺问题的办法之一——革新疫苗生产技术，将其从鸡蛋培育转移到细胞培养；第四段，作者探讨了美国的当务之急：如何利用好有限的疫苗。出路就是号召公民发扬风格，将注射疫苗的机会让给敏感群体。





词汇注释


whopper /ˈ(h)wɒpə/ n. 弥天大谎

bar /bɑː(r)/ v. 禁止

dwindle /ˈdwɪndl/ v．缩小

beseech /bɪˈsiːtʃ/ v. 恳求

vaccinate /ˈvæksɪneɪt/ v. 接种疫苗

fragility /frəˈdʒɪlɪti/ n. 脆弱

the National Network for Immunization Information （美国）全国防疫信息网

redundancy /rɪˈdʌndənsi/ n. 备份

knock out 击倒

incentive /ɪnˈsentɪv/ n. 动机

fertilized chicken egg 已受精鸡蛋

crack /kræk/ v. （使）破裂

harvest /ˈhɑːvɪst/ v. 收获

extract /ɪkˈstrækt/ v. 提取

immune response 免疫反应

profit margin 利润率

fickle /ˈfɪkl/ adj. 变化无常的

sleek /sliːk/ adj. 圆滑的；打磨过的

fiasco /fɪˈæskəʊ/ n. 惨败

innovation /ˌɪnəʊˈveɪʃən/ n. 改革，创新

culture /ˈkʌltʃə/ n. 细菌培养

biotech /baɪəʊˈtek/ n. 生物技术

culture-based adj. 基于细菌培养技术的

clear /klɪə/ v. 批准，准许

an awareness campaign 一场公民道德意识活动





难句突破


“This re-emphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply,” says Dr．Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information，“and the lack of redundancy in our system.”

主体句式：Dr．Marin Myers says“This re-emphasizes the fragility..．and the lack...”

结构分析：该句的难点在于如何理解本句直接引语中两个关键词re-emphasize和redundancy的情感内涵。re-emphasize通常表示“再次强调”，但根据其宾语中的关键名词“fragility（脆弱）”和“lack（缺乏）”两个词的语义内涵判断，re-emphasize在本句中应该表示“凸显出（问题）”。redundancy通常表示“冗余，不必要的重复”，但在本句中表示“为了避免出现问题而采取的应急方案”。由此可见，根据具体语境，才能正确理解词汇的意思。

句子译文：“这再次凸显出我们疫苗供应的脆弱性，”全国免疫信息网的马丁·迈尔斯医生说，“此外，我们也没有必要的补救机制。”





题目分析


1．D 推理题。第一段最后一句话指出了疫苗短缺所暴露出来的问题。“This re-emphasizes the fragility of our vaccine supply,” says Dr．Martin Myers of the National Network for Immunization Information，“and the lack of redundancy in our system.”“这再次凸显出我们疫苗供应的脆弱性，”全国免疫信息网的马丁·迈尔斯医生说，“此外，我们也没有必要的补救机制。”这与选项D的说法一致。

2．A 语义题。在第三段最后一句“one culture-based product（Solvay Pharmaceuticals' Invivac）has been cleared for marketing in Europe ”里出现了cleared一词。根据下文中“marketing”和药品上市前应该得到批准的常识，可以判断出，该词在本句中的意思是“得到官方的批准”。

3．A 细节题。第二段第二句“Mainly because private companies have had little incentive to pursue it.”意思是说私企生产流感疫苗的积极性不高。接下来作者介绍了制作疫苗的复杂工序，由此可以推断出流感疫苗生产工艺复杂、成本高。第二段第4～5行“Profit margins are narrow，demand is fickle and，because each year's flu virus is different，any leftover vaccine goes to waste．”又明确指出了私企不愿意生产流感疫苗的其他原因：利润率低、需求不稳定，此外由于流感病毒每年都不同，因此生产数量不能过大。由此也可推断出生产的风险性大，如果生产多了就会损失很大。