(2018)考研英语阅读理解精读100篇(基础版)4(11)

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注(1):本文选自Time;

注(2):本文习题命题模仿对象为2005年真题Text 1。



1.In the opening paragraph,the author introduces his topic by ______.

A) posing a contrast

B) justifying an assumption

C) explaining a phenomenon

D) making a comparison

2.The statement“I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes”(Line 4,Paragraph 3)implies that ______.

A) only one of them suffered from diabetes

B) neither of them suffered from diabetes

C) both of them suffered from diabetes

D) it's uncertain whether they suffered from diabetes or not

3.Family health report is very important because ______.

A) you can be careful about some diseases and keep fit

B) you are connected with your parents and your grandparents

C) many diseases are genetic and should be noticed

D) you should be considerate and care about your parents

4.Dr.Richard Carmona suggests that ______.

A) you should present your doctor with a medical history

B) you should print out your family's medical history

C) you should gather your family's medical history

D) you should give thanks for everything that is going right

5.What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A) The software is fun enough.

B) Family medical tree shouldn’t be neglected.

C) The software is not available anywhere.

D) It is worthwhile to draw a family tree.





篇章剖析


本文采用提出问题——分析问题——解决问题的模式,指出建立家庭医疗健康记录的重要性和必要性。第一段指出通常要求就医的人提供最新的健康记录;第二段指出了解家庭健康史的重要性;第三段指出作者在这方面的欠缺;第四段指出美国公共卫生部部长倡议收集家庭医疗信息的初衷;第五段指出一些简单易行的办法;第六段指出这一做法的意义。





词汇注释


medication /medɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ n.药物治疗,药物

on the lookout for寻找,注意,警戒

complication /kɒmplɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 【医】 并发症

LDL 【生】 低密度脂蛋白

cholesterol /kəˈlestərɒl/ n. 胆固醇

vigilant /ˈvɪdʒɪlənt/ adj. 警惕着的,警醒的

prostate /ˈprɒsteɪt/ adj. 前列腺的n. 前列腺

macular degeneration黄斑变性

Parkinson's /ˈpɑːkins(ə)nz/ disease 【医】帕金森氏症,震颤性麻痹

grim /grɪm/ adj. 不愉快的,讨厌的

family tree系谱,系谱图,族谱,族谱图

download /daunˈləʊd/ v. 下载





难句突破


While I know something about the history of my parents’ health—my father had prostate cancer at a relatively young age and suffered from macular degeneration and Parkinson's disease,and my mother died of lung cancer—there's plenty I don’t know.

主体句式:While I know ...,there's plenty I don’t know.

结构分析:“while”在此句中表让步,意为“虽然;尽管”;引导的从句应位于主句“there's plenty I don't know”之前。破折号之间的部分是“the history of my parents' health”的同位语,旨在给出详细信息。

句子译文:虽然我了解一些有关我父母的健康状况——父亲很年轻的时候得了前列腺癌,并且还得了黄斑变性和帕金森氏症;母亲死于肺癌——但是还有很多我不了解的。





题目分析


1.C 论证方式题。文章以阐述自己的经历入手引出论题。

2.D 语义题。做好本题的关键是对“swear to”这一短语的理解。“swear to sth.”意为“断定,确信某事”,句子译文为“如果他们俩有人得了糖尿病的话,我想我可能会知道,但我也不敢保证。”作者表达的意思是他对父母是否患糖尿病并无十分把握。

3.A 细节题。原文对应信息在第二段“If my father suffered from elevated LDL,or bad cholesterol,my doctor should know that,because I’m probably at higher risk.If my mother had breast cancer,my sister (if I had one)would want her physician to be especially vigilant.”

4.C 推理题。原文对应信息是“That's why he has launched the Family History Initiative and declared Thanksgiving National Family History Day.”从文中可知了解家族医学病史非常重要,但在美国却只有三分之一的家庭试图做此记录。这就是他为什么发起家族历史倡议并宣布感恩节为全国家庭历史纪念日的原因。

5.B 推理题。原文对应信息是“It's worth it,though,since it could help save your life or the life of your children someday.”





参考译文



上周,我做了两项常规体检,体检的眼科医生和牙医让我为他们写的病历提供新的健康记录。他们的要求是有道理的。保健服务人员确实应该知道他们的病人得过什么病,还在服用别的什么药。这样做的目的是为了预防潜在的病症或者是并发症。

然而,在每一项记录中,唯独“家族健康史”这一栏让我感到踌躇。尽管没有哪种疾病完全是遗传的,但是很多疾病都有遗传的因素。如果我的父亲患过低密度脂蛋白升高或是胆固醇不好这样的病的话,我的医生应该知道这些情况,因为我患此病的可能性较高。如果我的母亲曾患过乳腺癌的话,我的姐姐(如果我有一个姐姐的话)会让医生格外留心她这方面的问题。

虽然我了解一些有关我父母的健康状况——父亲很年轻的时候就得了前列腺癌,并且还得了黄斑变性和帕金森氏症;母亲死于肺癌——但是还有很多我不了解的。我父母的胆固醇指数和血压是多少?如果他们俩有人得了糖尿病的话,我想我可能会知道,但也不敢保证。我身上也有我祖父母的基因,有关他们的健康情况,我就更是一无所知了。

我的这些情况都是相当典型的。据美国公共卫生部部长理查德·卡莫纳博士所说,只有三分之一的美国人试图整理他们的家族健康记录。这就是他为什么发起家族历史倡议并宣布感恩节为全国家庭历史纪念日的原因。围坐在火鸡旁,本应该去感谢所有一切顺利的事情,但现在却要谈论癌症、心脏病什么的,这真令人生厌。然而,由于许多家庭都会设法聚在一起过节日,所以这真的是谱写家族医学病史的绝好时机。

这位公共卫生部部长简化了操作程序:登录网站hhs.gov/familyhistory,使用Frequently Asked Questions(常见问题)这一链接来寻找以下信息:哪些疾病容易在家族里传播;哪些疾病最应该担心,哪些最不用担心;像我这样,如果父母和祖父母都已去世了,该怎么办。同时,用户还能免费下载一个叫做“我的家族健康描述”这样的软件。它能够帮助整理信息,并以简单易读的形式把这些信息打印出来,以便提供给你的医生。

这个网址强调这个软件具有“趣味性”,但它的作用不止于此。不管怎么样,这个软件只适用于装有Windows的机器。因此Mac用户和没有电脑的人只能使用打印样本。但这还是值得去做的,因为将来某一天这可能会挽救你自己或者是你的孩子的生命。





第8章 学科类



Unit 95


Neither Oliver Williamson of the University of California at Berkeley nor Elinor Ostrom of Indiana University at Bloomington was widely tipped to win this year's Nobel Prize for economics.This may be because their work sits at the boundary of economics,law and political science,and tackles different questions to the ones that economists have traditionally studied.Mr.Williamson and Ms.Ostrom work independently of each other but both have contributed plenty to economists’ understanding of which institutions—firms,markets,governments,or informal systems of social norms,for example—are best suited for conducting different types of economic transactions.

Ronald Coase,a British economist who won the Nobel Prize in 1991,argued that in some situations,and for some kinds of transactions, administrative decision-making within a single legal entity is more efficient than a straightforward market transaction.Mr.Coase's arguments were influential and convinced economists that the internal workings of organisations were worth paying attention to explicitly.But it was left to Mr.Williamson to refine Mr.Coase's theory and clarify what features of certain transactions made carrying them out more efficient within a firm rather than in the market.

Mr.Williamson showed that complex transactions involving investment decisions that are much more valuable within a relationship than to a third party are best done within a firm.Part of the problem,he argued,was that some economic transactions are so complicated,and involve so many things which could go wrong,that writing a legally enforceable contract that takes all possibilities into account is impossible. Simpler transactions are completed easily in markets; more complicated ones may demand firms.But in later work he also showed that organising matters within companies had costs: in particular,it relied on internal authority to get things done,and this could be abused.

Ms.Ostrom has concentrated on a different aspect of economic governance.She has spent her life studying how human societies manage common resources such as forests,rivers,pastures or wildlife.Just as with public goods,it is difficult to prevent people from using the commons.But unlike public goods,and like private ones,what one person takes leaves less for others.Economic theory then predicts that rational individuals will overuse these resources.

Economists have tended to emphasise property rights as a solution to the problem of managing common resources.But Ms.Ostrom spent much of her early career studying how communities managed such common resources.She found that groups of people tended to have complex sets of rules,norms and penalties to ensure that such resources were used sustainably.Such self-governance often worked well.Successful informal institutions,she found,have certain features in common,which sets them apart from institutions that fail.The principles of game theory,particularly the theory of repeated interactions,proved remarkably useful in formulating general principles of how common resources ought to be managed without necessarily resorting to private or state ownership.

Mr Williamson launched an entire branch of economic theorising which looks more deeply into firms than economists had tended to do previously.His theories have also helped with understanding the choice between equity and debt,and corporate finance more generally.Ms.Ostrom's research has spawned many experiments about how people interact strategically.Some of these have influenced game theory,which originally provided Ms.Ostrom with her analytical tools.


注(1):本文选自Economist;

注(2):本文习题命题模仿对象:第1~ 5题分别模仿2002年真题Text 4第1、2、4题和Text 3第3、5题。



1.From the first paragraph we learn that ______.

A) Oliver Williamson and Elinor Ostrom were not considered candidates for the Noble Prize in Economics

B) the research focus of Oliver Williamson and Elinor Ostrom touches upon a variety of fields

C) the works of Oliver Williamson and Elinor Ostrom are irrelevant to the study of economics

D) Elinor Ostrom is known as the first female winner of the Nobel Prize since its establishment

2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?

A) Williamson and Ostrom's winning the prize mainly attributes to their cooperation in research.

B) Williamson has identified a series of factors which make the transactions in the market different from those within firms.

C) Both Williamson and Ostrom address the question of economic transactions.

D) It is commonly agreed among economists that transactions within firms tend to be more efficient.

3.Ostrom and Williamson's researches show that ______.

A) it is universally true that complex transactions are more efficient in companies

B) to write a contract for complicated transactions is impossible

C) the prediction about rational individuals overusing common resources is incorrect

D) privatization is not necessarily the solution of problems about common resources

4.Which of the following best defines the word“self-governance” (Line 4,Paragraph 5)?

A) self-management.

B) self-control.

C) self-government.

D) self-manipulation.

5.We can draw a conclusion from the text that ______.

A) their researches shed light on the future of cross-disciplinary social studies

B) their researches help improve the research tools for economics

C) their researches have tremendously revolutionized the field of economics

D) their researches give people new insights into neglected problems





篇章剖析


文章介绍了2009年诺贝尔经济学奖获奖人威廉森和奥斯特罗姆的主要研究,突出了其研究跨学科性的重大意义。第一段指出了两位经济学家研究的独特之处,引出话题;第二、三段简要介绍了威廉森的研究内容及取得的成果;第四、五段描述了奥斯特罗姆的研究领域和成果;最后一段简要说明了这两人的跨学科研究对于经济学的重要意义。文章层次分明,结构清晰。





词汇注释


tip /tɪp/ v. 事先指出(优胜者)

boundary /ˈbaʊndrɪ/ n. 界线;边界

transaction /trænˈzækʃn/ n. 交易;业务

administrative /ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv/ adj. 管理的;行政的

abuse /əˈbjuːz/ v. 滥用,妄用

governance /ˈgʌvənəns/ n. 统治;管理;支配

property right 产权

launch /lɔːntʃ/ v. 开始;积极投入





难句突破


Part of the problem,he argued,was that some economic transactions are so complicated,and involve so many things which could go wrong,that writing a legally enforceable contract that takes all possibilities into account is impossible.

主体句式:Part of the problem was that ...

结构分析:尽管主语和系动词之间有一个插入语,本句的主干还是比较简单的。本句的难点在于that引导的宾语从句,要理解这个从句重点要抓住so...that...结构。与一般情况相比,本句中两个并列的so...进一步增加了句子的复杂性,而这两个so...都是用来描述economic transaction并引出下面的that 从句的。最后,that从句的主干是writing a legally enforceable contract is impossible,其中又包含了一个that引导的定语从句来修饰contract。

句子译文:但他指出,这里的问题在于,某些经济交易如此复杂,牵涉到的容易出错的东西又如此之多,以至于要把所有的可能性都写进具有法律效力的合同是不可能的。





题目分析


1.B 推理题。第一段说明了威廉森和奥斯特罗姆不是2009年诺贝尔经济学奖的热门人选,并简单介绍了他们的研究特点。虽然该段第一句话提到两人并不是获奖的热门人选,但是他们既然获奖了,那么他们一定都获得了提名,因此A项是错误的。该段第二句话表明两人都以跨学科研究而著称,但他们的研究必然涉及经济学,所以B项正确而C项不正确。D项的信息文中没有提及,也不正确。

2.C 细节题。文中第一段最后一句话提到,这两个人虽然是各自独立进行研究,但都主要研究哪类组织更适合哪类经济交易,因此C项正确,而因为两者没有合作,因此A项不正确。第二段最后一句话指出,威廉森的研究发现了某些交易的哪些特征会导致其在公司内部运作比在市场上更有效率,而B项是说他发现了一系列使得在公司内部交易与在市场上交易有所不同的因素,不够准确。第二段指出很多经济学家们都受科斯的理论影响,相信应该把注意力转到组织内部的运作,但并不是说经济学家普遍认同公司内部交易更有效,所以D项也不正确。

3.D 推理题。文章第二段至第五段分别写了两位经济学家的具体研究成果。虽然文章第三段指出威廉森的研究说明复杂的交易在公司内部进行更有效,但也指出威廉森后期提出了修正,即公司内部交易也是有成本的,故A是错误的。第三段中说要把所有的可能性都写进合同是不可能的,而不是说写合同是不可能的,所以B项不正确。第三段的最后一句话提出了该预期,但是文章中并没有详细说明这一预期是否正确,所以C项也不正确。文章第五段最后一句话指出,解决公共资源的问题不一定要采取私有化或者国有化的办法,因此D项正确。

4.A 语义题。从构词法和上下文可以推知self-governance是“自我管理”的意思,故A选项正确。

5.A 推理题。文章第一段指出,两人做的都是跨学科研究,本来不是获奖的热门人选但最终却获得了诺贝尔经济学奖,由此可见,威廉森和奥斯特罗姆的研究预示了社会科学跨学科研究的未来,故A项正确。最后一段指出,奥斯特罗姆的理论影响了博弈论这一经济学的重要研究工具,但这个情况并不适用于威廉森,因此B项错误。C项所述有些夸张,文中没有说两人的研究带来了革命性的影响。最后一段提到,威廉森关注前人忽略的问题,但奥斯特罗姆是否属于这种情况文中没有具体说明,所以D项也不正确。





参考译文



美国加州大学伯克利分校的奥利弗·威廉森和印第安纳大学布鲁明顿校区的埃莉诺·奥斯特罗姆并不是今年诺贝尔经济学奖的热门人选。或许这是因为他们主要从事经济学、法学和政治学的跨学科研究,其研究问题与经济学家研究的传统问题不太一样。威廉森和奥斯特罗姆虽各自独立进行研究,但他们都对加深经济学家对于哪类组织——公司、市场、政府或者其他社会规范体系,更适合进行哪类经济交易的了解做出了很大贡献。

1991年获诺贝尔奖的英国经济学家科斯认为:在某些情况下,就某种类型的交易而言,在单独的法人实体内部做出的行政决策比在市场上的直接交易更有效率。科斯的理论影响巨大,他使经济学家确信,直截了当地把注意力转到组织内部的运作才是值得他们做的事情。不过,是威廉森真正地将科斯的理论进行了细化发展,他进一步指出了某些交易的哪些特征会导致其在公司内部运作的效率优于在市场上的效率。

威廉森证明了如果一些复杂的交易牵涉到投资决策,这种投资决策相比第三方来说对关联方具有更大的价值,此时该交易最好是内部进行。但他指出,这里的问题在于,某些经济交易如此复杂,牵涉到的容易出错的东西又如此之多,以至于要把所有的可能性都写进具有法律效力的合同是不可能的。简单一些的交易可在市场上轻松完成,而较为复杂的交易也许就需要公司的参与。不过,在其后期著作中,他也证明在公司内部组织交易是有成本的:特别是做事需要依靠内部权威,但权威有可能被滥用。

奥斯特罗姆则主要研究经济治理的另一个方面。她毕生致力于研究人类社会如何管理诸如森林、河流、牧场或野生动植物等的公共资源。就像公共物品那样,要想阻止人们使用公共资源是很困难的。但是,与公共物品不一样而与私人物品一样的是,当有人使用公共资源时,留给其他人的资源就相应地减少了。经济理论由此预言,在这种情况下理性的个人会过度地使用这些共同资源。

经济学家们一直倾向于强调用产权来解决公共资源的管理问题。但是奥斯特罗姆将其职业生涯早期的大部分时间用来研究某些团体会如何管理这些公共资源。她发现,这些团体倾向于建立一些系统的规矩、准则和处罚条例以保证这些资源能被可持续地使用,这种治理方法通常很奏效。她还发现,成功的非正式团体有一定的共性,这使其区别于那些不成功的团体。在这里博弈论的原则,特别是重复互动的博弈论被证明相当有用,有助于制定一些管理公共资源的通用规则而不是必须采取私有化或者国有化。

威廉森创立了经济理论化的一整个分支,与此前的经济学家所做的研究相比,该分支更深入地考察了公司的内部运作。他的理论对我们更广泛地理解公司关于筹股还是借债的选择,以及公司金融也很有助益。同时,奥斯特罗姆的研究还引发了许多探讨人们如何战略性地互动的实验。有些实验还对最初给奥斯特罗姆提供分析工具的博弈论产生了影响。





Unit 96


Some people,notably Richard Dawkins,an evolutionary biologist at Oxford University,regard religion as a disease.It spreads,they suggest,like a virus,except that the“viruses” are similar to those infecting computers—bits of cultural software that take over the hardware of the brain and make it do irrational things.

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