For 13 months she had faithfully replied. When his letters did not arrive, she wrote anyway, and now he believed that he loved her and that she loved him.



But she had refused all his pleas to send him her photograph. She had explained, "If your feeling for me has any reality, what I look like won't matter. Suppose I'm beautiful. I'd always be haunted by the feeling that you had been taking a chance on just that, and that kind of love would disgust me. Suppose I'm plain (and you must admit that this is more likely), then I'd always fear that you were only going on writing because you were lonely and had no one else. No, don't ask for my picture. When you come to New York, you shall see me and then you shall make your decision."



One minute to six...he pulled hard on a cigarette. Then Lieutenant Blandford's heart leaped.



A young woman was coming toward him. Her figure was long and slim, her blond hair lay back in curls over her delicate ears. Her eyes were as blue as flowers, her lips and chin had a gentle firmness. In her pale-green suit, she was like springtime come alive.



He started toward her, forgetting to notice whether she was wearing rose or not, and as he moved, a small, provocative smile curved her lips.



"Going my way, soldier?" she murmured. He made one step closer to her. Then he saw Hollis Meynell.



She was standing almost directly behind the girl, a woman well past 40, her graying hair tucked under a worn hat. She was more than plump, her thick ankle feet were thrust into low-heeled shoes.



But she wore a red rose on her rumpled coat. The girl in the green suit was walking quickly. Blandford felt as though he were being split into two, so keen was his desire to follow the girl, yet so deep was his longing for the woman whose spirit had truly companioned and upheld his own, and there she stood. He could see her pale, plump face was gentle and sensible and her gray eyes had a warm twinkle.



Lieutenant Blandford did not hesitate. His fingers gripped the worn copy of Human Bondage, which was to identify him to her. This would not be love, but it would be something precious, a friendship for which he had been and must ever be grateful...



He squared his shoulders, saluted, and held the book out toward the woman, although even while he spoke he felt the bitterness of his disappointment. "I'm John Blandford, and you...you are Miss Meynell. May...may I take you to dinner?"



The woman smiled. "I don't know what this is all about, son," she answered. "That young lady in the green suit, she begged me to wear this rose on my coat. And she said that if you asked me to go out with you, I should tell you she's waiting for you in that restaurant across the street. She said it was some kind of a test."





5.11　将来完成时

本节先来讨论将来完成动作的开始时间，然后简单介绍将来完成时的三种思维用法。因此，本节内容安排如下：

5.11.1将来完成动作的开始时间

5.11.2将来完成时的三种思维用法

5.11.1　将来完成动作的开始时间

现在完成时是以“现在”作为“坐标时间”，来描述开始于现在之前（即过去）的动作持续到现在。过去完成时是以“过去”作为“坐标时间”，来描述开始于过去之前（即过去的过去）的动作持续到过去。同理，将来完成时是以“将来”作为“坐标时间”，来表示开始于将来之前（可能是过去、现在或将来）的动作持续到将来。注意，这里说动作开始于“将来之前”，意味着动作开始的时间可能是过去的某一时刻、可能是现在的某一时刻，或者也可能是将来的某一时刻。但动作开始的时间并不重要，关键是说话人要站在将来的某一时间来谈某一动作的完成情况。例如：

We will have taken five exams by next Friday.

妙语点睛

1）“我们”可能是昨天开始考试的，比如说成：

We started our exam yesterday and we will have taken five exams by next Friday.



2）可能是今天开始考试的，比如说成：

We have started our exam today and we will have taken five exams by next Friday.



3）也可能是明天才开始考试，比如说成：

We will start our exam tomorrow and we will have taken five exams by next Friday.



但具体是哪一天开始的并不重要，说话人强调的是他们一共有五门考试。

精品译文

到下个星期五之前，我们将完成五门考试。

5.11.2　将来完成时的三种思维用法

同前面其他的完成时态一样，将来完成时态有三种基本用法。

一、延续事件

表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作，一直延续到该时刻，并可能继续延续下去。

图解：



（虚线表示这一动作可能开始于现在或过去；虚箭头表示这一动作可能继续延续下去）

请看例句：

1　I will have taught English in New Oriental School for five years by the end of next month.

到下个月底之前，我在新东方学校教英语将满五年了。

2　I will have learned 8,000 words by the end of next year. 到明年年底之前，我就将学过8,000个单词了。

3　I will have waited for her for two hours when she arrives at 2 o'clock this afternoon.

她今天下午两点钟到达的时候，我就将已经等她两个小时了。

4　The old man will have worked in this factory for 50 years when he retires next month.

那个老人到下个月退休的时候，他在这家工厂工作就将满50年了。

二、重复事件

表示在将来的某一时刻之前开始的动作，并在该时刻之前的一段时间内重复发生。这如同现在完成时的第三种用法。

图解：



请看例句：

5　By five o'clock this afternoon the spaceship will have traveled eleven times round the world.

到今天下午五点钟之前，这艘宇宙飞船就将绕地球飞行11次了。

三、单一事件

表示在将来的某一时刻之前开始的动作，到该时刻之前已经完成。

图解：



（虚线表示这一动作对将来有影响）

请看例句：

6　We will have finished our exam by the end of next week. 到下个周末为止，我们就将完成考试了。

7　By the year 2050, scientists probably will have discovered a cure for cancer.

到2050年时，科学家们可能就会找到治愈癌症的方法。

8　I will graduate in July. I will see you in September. By the time I see you, I will have graduated.

我将于7月份毕业，于9月份与你见面，到我见到你的时候，我将已经毕业了。

9　I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight.

到我今晚出去赴约的时候，我将已经做完作业了。

10　The construction company will have completed the stadium by the end of next July, when the Olympic Games is to be held here. 这家建筑公司将于明年7月底之前把体育场建成，奥运会将在那里举行。

写给读者的话



* * *



一、本章学习思路

在这一章里，我们重点阐述了现在完成时态的三种思维用法，即延续事件、重复事件和单一事件，并在5.7节中详细地比较了三种思维用法之间的内在相关性和统一性。这是完成时态的核心重点。笔者认为，学习完成时态的成败，关键就在于理解现在完成时态的这三种思维特征。掌握了这三种思维规律，那么过去完成时态及将来完成时态的用法就可以同理类推了。所以，我们在前面讨论现在完成时态的过程中费了不少笔墨。笔者之所以如此费尽心思，就是希望读者看完这些内容后，能比较清晰、全面而深刻地理解完成时态——这一英语中最难的时态。

二、本章重点及难点

本章重点是5.3节至5.7节的有关现在完成时态的内容，这包括了完成时态的三种思维用法及其相互之间的内在联系。读者在学习这些章节的内容时，一定要边阅读，边停下来思考，要能真正地理解和掌握其中所描述的内容。

本章的难点在于5.6节“单一事件”和5.7节有关三种用法的比较。但这些内容同样是本章的重点，需要读者掌握。

三、本章学习时间安排

读者可能需要用10至15天左右的时间来研读一遍本章所讲述的内容，并做完相应的练习。但是，要想真正地掌握英语时态的用法，并形成很好的英语思维，绝不是一朝一夕的功夫。因此，读者即使看完了本章所讲解的内容，也依然需要在平时的英语阅读中注意体会时态的用法。只有在不断的英语实践中，才能逐渐培养出良好的英语思维。



* * *



综合练习



* * *



请用适当的时态填空。

1．I began to teach in New Oriental School in 1997. This year is 2001. So far I_________(teach) here for 4 years. By 2000, I________(teach) for 3 years. By 2002, I________(teach) for 5 years.

2．Don't spend your money like water. If you keep on like this, you________(spend) all your money before the end of the trip.

3．A: Was Clint at the party when you arrived?

B: No, he_______(already, go) home.

4．A: Was Clint at the party when you arrived?

B: Yes, but he_______(go) home soon afterwards.

5．I felt very tired when I got home, so I________(go) straight to bed.

6．The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody_______(go) to bed.

7．Sorry I'm late. The car________(break) down on my way here.

8．We_________(drive) along the road when we saw a car that________(break) down, so we stopped to see if we could help.

9．Yesterday I had a phone call from Clint. I was very surprised. I________(write) to him many times but he_______(never, reply) to my letters.

10．I met Clint a few days ago. He_________(just, come) back from holiday. He looked very well.

11．The man sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous. It was his first flight. He________(never, fly) before.

12．This traffic is terrible. We're going to be late. By the time we_________(get) to the airport, Bob's plane_______(arrive, already), and he'll be wondering where we are.

13．Last spring I went to France. It was the first time that I________(be) there.

14．This is the only novel that he_________(write).

15．This is the first time that I________(take) the flight.

16．This is the most difficult job that I________(ever, do).

17．I hope you_________(read) all the material before you make the final decision.

18．Clint is phoning his girlfriend again. This is the fourth time that he_________(phone) her this evening.

19．I_________(lose) my key. I can't get into my house.

20．I_________(lose) my key, so I couldn't get into my house. But now I_________(find) it.

21．A: I need to find a dermatologist. You're familiar with Dr. Smith. Do you recommend her?

B: Well, I________(see) by her a few times. And the best I can say for her is she has interesting magazines in her waiting room.

22．It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory________(rise) by about 10%.

23．A: May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at eight tonight?

B: I am sorry. Mr. Williams_________(go) to a conference long before then.

24．A: I_________(think) this shirt________(be) a great deal but I washed it once and it________(shrink) so much that I can't wear it.

B: Some bargain. You should ask for a refund.

25．A: Look! It________(snow).

B: It's wonderful! This is the first time I________(see) snow. It________(snow, not) in my hometown.

26．A: I hear you_________(get) lost on your way to the hotel.

B: I________(not, know) how I________(do) it. I________(be) there a million times.

27．A:_______the parts we need for the copier________(arrive) yet?

B: I________(order) them last week, but something's holding them up.

28．A:_______you________(see) this postcard from Ron? He's in Florida.

B: Oh, so he________(be) able to get time off.

29．A: I wish I hadn't hurt Mary's feelings like that. You know I never________(mean) to.

B: The great thing about Mary is that she________(not, hold) the grudge. By tomorrow she________(forget) all about it.

30．A: Look at the time. I'm going to miss my bus.

B: Don't worry. I________(drive) you to the stop. And if the bus________(already, leave), I can get you to your apartment.

31．Newcomers and Old-timers

There's a newcomer to the World Cup this year: China________(qualify) for the first time. The team's new Yugoslav manager________(help) four other national teams qualify in past competitions. And what about soccer powerhouse Brazil? Brazil_________(compete) in every World Cup since its beginning in 1930. Surprisingly, though, Brazil________(almost, lose) hope of qualifying until they beat Chile in October. That victory________(assure) them of a place among the 32 finalists.

请判断下面各句的时态使用是否正确，错误的请改正。

32．I have entered the university for two years.

33．He has come here for three hours.

34．The old lady has died for ten years.

35．He has left his native place for three years.

36．I have married for one year.

37．He has joined in the army for five years.

38．I have come to Beijing for seven years.

根据场景提示，请用括号中的内容正确造句，在合适的地方填入just, already, yet, before等。

39．A man sitting next to you on a flight seems very nervous but feels very excited. You can ask:_______? (take a flight)

40．Jack is skiing from the top of the mountain. He doesn't look very confident. You can ask:_______? (ski from the top of the mountain.)

41．After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says "Would you like something to eat?" you say: No, thank you._______. (have lunch)

42．You know that a friend of yours is looking for a job. Perhaps he has been successful. Ask him:________? (find a job)

43．You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: Wait a minute!________. (not/finish)

44．John goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says "Can I speak to John?" You say: I am afraid________. (go out)

请阅读下面笑话，说出其中完成时态是什么思维和用法。

45．Mary: How long have you been married?

Lisa: This time—or altogether?

46．A Perfect Record

Teacher: Young man, you haven't handed in one homework assignment since we started this class. Won't you please do tonight's assignment?

George: What? And ruin a perfect record?

47．I Don't Know

Lucy: Do you believe kissing is unhealthy?

Lily: I couldn't say—I've never....

Lucy: You have never been kissed?

Lily: I've never been sick.

48．Will He Lose His Job?

First Clerk: Poor old Watkins has completely lost his hearing. I'm afraid he'll lose his job.

Second Clerk: Nonsense. He's to be transferred to the Complaint Department.

请把下列各句中的中文翻译成英文。

49．我来美国到现在有三个月了，交到了很多好朋友。但是他们都是男生，我希望我能认识些女生。

50．你是不是一直在减肥（on a diet）呀？看你现在皮包骨（skin and bones）的样子！

51．中国历来就一直反对任何形式的恐怖主义（terrorism）。

52．这几天晚上他一直睡在地板上。

53．A：我想我以前没见你穿过那件羊毛衫。It's great!

B：You think so? 这是我奶奶前几年为我做的。But this is the first time I dare to wear it in public.

54．A：我还以为你打算读this book by today.

B：Oh，but我已经读过了。

55．A：Are you glad you came to China?

B：Yes. Indeed. 我本来是要考虑去Tokyo or Singapore，but我从不后悔我的决定。

56．A：我们篮球队到目前为止赢得了每一场比赛。

B：Isn't that because of the new coach?

57．我不知道该如何解这道数学题，我试过的每一个方法just leads to a dead end.

58．A：I'm really not interested in seeing that film

B：可是它赢得了那么多的奖项啊。

59．A: Denis told us he likes to play cards.

B：可是我们邀请过他三次，他一次也不来。

60．A: Did you tell Carl that the concert starts at eight?

B：我试过好几次，但电话一直占线。





Chapter 6

第六章　完成进行时态



* * *




本章先介绍完成进行时态的基本构成，然后总体介绍完成进行时态的基本意义。在此基础上，以现在完成进行时态为例，深入分析完成进行时态的两种用法，即表示“延续事件”和“重复事件”，并将它们与现在完成时态进行比较。最后，介绍过去完成进行时和将来完成进行时的用法。因此，本章内容安排如下：

6.1　完成进行时态的构成

6.2　完成进行时态的意义

6.3　延续事件

6.4　延续事件比较：完成进行时与完成时

6.5　重复事件

6.6　重复事件比较：完成进行时与完成时

6.7　完成进行时与完成时对比总结

6.8　过去完成进行时

6.9　将来完成进行时



* * *





6.1　完成进行时态的构成

在结构上，完成进行时态（perfect continuous tense）是由完成时态和进行时态复合而成。完成时态的构成是“have＋过去分词”，若用-en表示过去分词，则可表示为have＋-en；进行时态的构成是“be＋现在分词”，若用doing代替现在分词，则可表示为be＋doing。因此，完成进行时可以表示为have-en＋be doing＝have been doing。由此可见，完成进行时态的构成分为三部分：一是助动词have，二是助动词be的过去分词形式been，三是实义动词的现在分词形式doing。具体来说，用助动词have表示“时（tense）”，以表明动作发生的时间是在过去、现在还是将来；用been doing这一“过去分词＋现在分词”的构成形式来表示动作的“体态（aspect）”，以表明该动作“完成＋进行”。以动词work为例，三种完成进行时态的构成形式如下：

1．现在完成进行时：have been working

2．过去完成进行时：had been working

3．将来完成进行时：will have been working

《英语语法新思维初级教程——走近语法》给出过进行时态的谓语公式，如下：



本书第五章给出过完成时态的谓语公式，如下：



现在，只要把上面两个公式复合在一起，即可以得到完成进行时的谓语公式，如下：



现在用这个公式分别表示出现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时和将来完成进行时的谓语构成形式，还是以work为例。

现在完成进行时态have been working可以具体表示为：



或简化为：have been working＝present＋perfect＋continuous＋work

过去完成进行时态had been working可以具体表示为：



或简化为：had been working＝past＋perfect＋continuous＋work

将来完成进行时态will have been working可以具体表示为：



或简化为：will have been working＝present＋modal＋perfect＋continuous＋work

从以上公式可见，现在完成进行时态、过去完成进行时态和将来完成进行时态具有共同的“态（aspect）”，即“完成（perfect）＋进行（continuous）”态。所以，三种完成进行时态的本质意义是相同的，区别只是“时（tense）”，即动作发生的时间不同而已。关于这一点，读者在接下来的“完成进行时态的意义”一节以及后面6.7节中会有更深入的理解。