全国专业四级英语填空题常考结构(3)

网络资源 Freekaoyan.com/2008-04-11

九、比较结构比较结构中要注意两点:1、倒装性;2、对称性

  例1:Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than___eastern Nebraska.     (A) does     (B) in     (C) it does in     (D) in it does 分析:than引导比较状语从句,空格后面是个专有名词,肯定是比较从句的主语,空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词,只有(A)符合条件,故选(A)。注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序,但是原文中使用了倒装;在比较结构的后面部分中,如果比较从句的主语长,谓语动词短,动词可放到主语前面进行到装。

  例2: Hot objects emit___do cold objects.     (A) rays more than infrared     (B) rays are more infrared than     (C) more than infrared rays     (D) more infrared rays than 分析:emit为及物动词,空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有(D)符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式,do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。

比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物例

  例3:The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than___.    (A) the domestic marketer has    (B) the domestic marketer does    (C) those of the domestic marketer    (D) that which has the domestic marketer 分析:本题还是考查比较句,由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的(A)和(B)。选项D则语义不清,也可排除。C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复,those一定要具备,因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities,谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略,因此C为正确答案。

  例4:The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing is greater than --.    (A) that of its mining and farming combined    (B) mining and farming combination    (C) that mining and farming combined    (D) of its combination mining and farming 分析:本题为比较句,一般来说,比较的双方应属于同一类事物。句中主语显然是比较的一方,而空格处应是与之相对应的另一方。(B)、(C)、(D)均无法与the annual worth相对应,故可以排除。(A)中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法,故选(A)。

十、定语从句省略结构关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时可以省略

  例1:Most crocodiles will eat anything----capture and overpower.    (A) can     (B) they can    (C) which can    (D) and 分析:空格前是个完整句子,空格后是两个并列的及物动词,后面却没有宾语,由此可推断出空格处缺能作从句宾语的从句引导词和从句主语。(A)、(D)没有从句引导词,可首先排除。(C)有从句引导词,也可作从句的宾语,却没有从句主语。正确答案(B)看似没有从句引导词,实际上是省略了引导词that,故选(B)。that they can capture, that引导定语从句在句子中做capture的宾语。

  例2:A majority of people in the United States can get all the calcium their bodies----from the    food they eat.     (A) require     (B) requires     (C) requiring     (D)to require 分析:此题显然缺从句谓语动词,故首先排除(C)和(D)。(B)为第三人称单数形式,与主语bodies相矛盾,故也可排除,因此选择A。   their bodies require from the food they eat是定语从句修饰calcium, 省略了that; 实际上they eat也是定语从句省略了that修饰the food“介词+名词”在定语从句中做表语时,关系代词和be动词可以同时省略,剩下的形容词短语做名词的后置定语。例3:To produce one pound of honey , a colony of  A    bees must fly a distance equals to twice around    B C D  the world. 分析:句子中实际上是省略了that is, a distance that is equal to, 因此equals to 应该改为equal to

  例4: A neutron star forms when a star much more massive  A  B  C   than the Sun dies and exploded.               D 分析:句中省略了which is, a star which is much more

十一、状语从句省略结构 Metals expand when they are heated. Metals expand 是主句;when they are heated 是状语从句。但是这个状语从句中可以省略掉they are, 句子变成:Metals expand when heated. 但是并不是所有的状语从句都可以这么省略。这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件:

    第一、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致;    第二、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出,比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。

  例1:Although___rigid, bones exhibit a degree of elasticity that enables the skeleton to withstand considerable impact.    (A) apparently    (B) are apparently    (C) apparently their    (D) are they apparently 分析:连词although通常引导主谓完整的状语从句,当从句主语与主句主语相同、从句谓语又为系表结构时,则可省略主语和连系动词,故正确答案为(A)。Although apparently rigid = Although bones are apparently rigid, 注意bones和are必须同时省略。

  因此,我们从上面的例题中来分析一下填空题中状语从句省略以后的形式:though, although, even thought, while, If, when等为引导状语从句的词;这些词后面一定+形容词(分词),主句(注意逗号的后面是主句,前面是从句)

  例2:All marble is composed of crystals of the minerals calcite or dolomite, ___, are perfectly white.    (A) when, pure which    (B) when, which pure    (C) which, pure when    (D) which, when pure 分析:空格前是个完整的句子,空格后是系表结构,空格处显然缺非限定性定语从句的引导词兼作从句主语。(A)、(B)不引导非限定性定语从句,可首先排除。(C)中的pure和when位置错了,故选(D)。注意when pure是插入语,同时也是省略用法when they are pure;which are perfectly white, 状语从句省略结构,

  例3:___relatively costly, the diesel engine is highly efficient and needs servicing infrequently    (A) Even    (B) It is    (C) Even though    (D) There is 分析:B和D填入后,都是构成两个主句,不对;Even though则引导状语从句,even though it is, 这里it is 已经省略。

十二、动词ing+名词的复数作主语结构这是一个比较难的结构,因为许多同学经常混淆动名词和现在分词。  现在分词相当于形容词,和后面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系;动名词是相当于具有动词特征的名词,和后面的名词是动宾关系。

  那么如何在句子中判断动名词和现在分词呢?我们来看两个例子:Doing exercises is a good habit. 做练习是一个好习惯。The starring troops have to surrender.   第一个句子强调的是做,而不是练习,不能说练习是一个好习惯,只能说做练习是一个好习惯,因此do是中心词,它和后面的名词是动宾关系,那么这个do就是动名词;  第二个句子说挨饿的军队必须投降,是军队投降,而不是挨饿要投降,因此中心词是troop,starring是来修饰troop的,因此starring是现在分词。

  在“动词ing+名词的复数”作主语结构的句子中,谓语动词是系动词is

  例1:___by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating.    (A) Eliminate problems    (B) The eliminated problems(被消除的问题)   (C) Eliminating problems    (D) Problems are eliminated 分析:空格处缺主语。(A)不能作主语,(B)的名词为复数,与后面谓语动词相矛盾,(D)使句子出现两个谓语,故排除。(C)构成动名词短语,可作句中主语,故选(C)。这个题目的意思是通过把责任转嫁给别人,这种消除问题的方式,通常叫做替罪羊。

  例2:___wooden buildings helps to protect them from damage due to weather.     (A) Painting     (B) Painted     (C) The paint     (D) By painting 分析:从谓语动词helps可判断出主语不可能为buildings, 因为主谓语在数上不一致,故空格处缺构成单数的词。四个选项中只有动名词painting符合这一条件,故选(A)。(B)构成复数名词短语,(C)无法与后面的名词连接,(D)构成介词短语,不能作主语,三个选项都可排除。 painted wooden buildings 被油漆的房子,中心词是buildings, 后面help不能用单数 painting wooden buildings油漆房子这件事情,中心词是painting

  例3:Scientists think ___helps some tree to conserve water in the winter.    (A) when losing leaves    (B) leaves are lost    (C) that losing leaves    (D) the leaves losing 分析:这道题目大家都能够选择C, 但是我们必须彻底理解C为什么正确,think that后面是宾语从句。losing是及物动词,丢弃叶子帮助树来保持水分,要注意不是树叶来帮助保持水分,而是丢弃树叶这个动作来保持水分。丢弃叶子是树主动丢弃,因此losing是动名词。


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