十七、规则动词过去分词作定语结构这里的规则动词指的是过去式和过去分词一样，导致考生看不出句子结构，比如：　 program, programmed, programmed 因此判断这个词是过去式还是过去分词就显得比较重要：　　第一步：从逻辑上判断这个动作是主动还是被动　　第二步：如果是被动的话，做谓语前面一定有系动词be

　　例1：___Wupatki National Monument in Arizona features structures built of red sandstone by ancestors of the Hopi people. 　　　(A) That the 　　　(B) In the 　　　(C) Around the 　　　(D) The 分析：空格后是结构完整的句子，空格处显然缺定冠词the 修饰主语，故选D。A中that引导主语从句，使整个句子变成从句而无主句，B、C构成介词短语，使句子缺主语，故排除。句子中的built是过去分词。

　　例2：Antibodies ___by small, round cells called lymphocytes and plasma cells. 　　　(A) to be made 　　　(B) making 　　　(C) made 　　　(D) are made 分析：空格前为名词作主语，空格后是介词by引导的动作执行者，called是过去分词作定语，所以句子缺谓语，故选D。A、B、C均为非谓语动词，故排除。

　　例3：Automatons programmed to perform a given task ___the flexibility and adaptability of human beings. 　　　(A) without 　　　(B) lack 　　　(C) minus 　　　(D) not having 分析：programmed在句中是过去分词作名词后置修饰语，空格处缺谓语动词。四个选择答案中只有（B）是可作谓语的动词，故选（B）。 B， programmed是一个定语，而不是谓语，机器人被编制程序，所以是过去分词，而不是谓语动词

十八、逻辑主语结构在一个完整的句子前面出现现在分词、过去分词、或者介词短语，那么这个句子的主语是前面这三种结构逻辑上的主语。

　　例1：Having been served lunch, ___. 　　 (A) the problem was discussed by the members of the committee 　　 (B) the committee members discussed the problem 　　 (C) it was discussed by the committee members the problem 　　 (D) a discussion of the problem was make by the members of the committee 分析：Having been served lunch指被招待了午饭，那么只可能是委员会的成员被招待，而不可能是问题，所以选择B

　　例2：___was not incorporated as a city until almost two centuries later, in 1834. 　　　(A) Settling Brooklyn, the Dutch 　　　(B) The Dutch settled Brooklyn 　　　(C) Brooklyn was settled by the Dutch 　　　(D) Settled by the Dutch, Brooklyn 分析：空格后面是谓语和状语，空格处缺主语。Brooklyn表示人或者Dutch表示地方做主语，但是从as a city可知，主语不是人名，而是地名，由此首先排除A。B、C均是句子，不合要求。D符合句法和题意。

　　例3：At thirteen___at a district school near her home, and when she was fifteen , she saw her first article in print. 　　 (A) the first teaching position that Mary Jane Hawes had 　　 (B) the teaching position was Mary Jane Hawe''s first 　　 (C) when Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching position 　　 (D) Mary Jane Hawes had her first teaching position 分析：从并列连词and 可知，第一个逗号前是一个完整的句子，空格处缺主谓结构，而且主语是一个人名。四个选项中只有D以人名作主语，故选D。

　　例4： Even at low levels, ___. 　　 (A) the nervous system has produced detrimental effects by lead 　　 (B) lead''s detrimental effects are producing the nervous system 　　 (C) lead produces detrimental effects on the nervous system 　　 (D) the detrimental effects produced by lead on the nervous system 分析：空格前为介词短语状语，空格处缺一个完整的句子。A、B结构上似乎完整，但意思不清，D不是完整的句子，故选C。

　　例5：The chorus plays a large part in any oratorio, linking 　　　A　　　B　　　C 　　　areas were sung by soloists with segments of choral music. 　D 分析：应该把D中的were去掉

十九、复合宾语结构有些及物动词+宾语后意思表达不完整，需要再加形容词或者名词来补充说明宾语被叫做不完全及物动词，该形容词或者名词叫做宾语补足语。宾语加补足语叫做复合宾语。当宾语和宾补由主动语态变为被动语态，分别变为主语和主补。 We played soccer. We called him Bob. Bob在这里作宾语补足语 He was called Bob. Bob在这里作主语补足语

　　下面列出了一些经常要求使用宾补的动词 make, consider, call, elect, appoint, 例：We appoint him monitor. 　　We elected him president.

　　例1：Poodles were once used as retrievers in duck hunting , but the American Kennel Club does not consider them___because they are now primarily kept as pets. 　　 (A) where sporting dogs 　　 (B) sporting dogs 　　 (C) when sporting dogs 　　 (D) they are sportingdogs 分析：选择B, them是宾语，sporting dogs宾补

二十、It结构

一、强调句型　　　It is + 强调部分+that +其余部分

　　这个句型需要注意几点：强调部分+其余部分是一个完整的句子；强调部分可以强调主语、宾语和状语，不能强调谓语和定语；强调人使用who或者that, 其他的只能用that (即使是时间和地点)，who 和that绝对不能省略如果原句是过去时态，强调句型使用it was.，例如：原句：Ann bought these books last year. 　强调宾语：It was these books that Ann bought last year. 　强调状语：It was last year that Ann bought these books.

二、形式主语 It is + 名词/形容词+ to do/that 引导的句子 to do/that 引导的句子是真正的主语，it 是形式主语，这是为了避免头重脚轻。

　　例1：It is the interaction between people , rather than 　　A　　　B 　　 the events that occur in their lives , that are 　　C 　　 the main focus of social psychology. 　D 分析：Rather than …是插入语，主句是强调句型, it is …that, 主语是interaction, 所以是is

　　例2： ___an increasing international exchange of 　　　educational films. 　　　(A) It is　　　　(B) There is　　　　(C) Though there is 　　　(D) Although it is 分析：缺少主谓，选择B, it 用在句子的句首，只可能作强调句型或者形式主语。空格后是一个名词短语，只有B与之构成完整的句子。A语义不完整，C、D则使整个句子成了让步从句而缺主句，故都可排除。

二十一、which 引导的定语从句结构 which是关系代词，which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子，在这个句子中，which要作成分，作主语或者宾语　in which+完整的句子 which在定语从句中作in的宾语，所以不能作后面句子的主语　名词+of which+谓语动词 of which来修饰名词，名词在定语从句中作主语，所以后面直接跟谓语动词

　　例1：In blank verse___of ten syllables, five of which are accented. 　　 (A) line consists of each 　　 (B) consists of each line 　　 (C) each line consists 　　 (D) it consists of each line 分析：空格前后均为介词词组，逗号后为非限定性定语从句，空格处缺主句主谓成分。A单数名词line前没有限定词，而且语义不清，B没有主语，D中it 指代不明，所以选C。　　 five of which are accented表示其中五个要被重读，of which修饰five, 十个中的五个

　　例2：The spiral threads of spider''s web have a sticky substance on them___insects. 　　　(A) traps　　　(B) trap its　　　　(C) which traps 　　　(D) which it traps 分析：空格前为完整的主谓结构，后面是一个名词，A和B显然不能与前面的谓语动词并列，故可以首先排除。D中的代词it明显是多余的，故也不对。C为正确选项，其中关系代词which指代前面的名词短语a sticky substance。网上有粘状的物质来诱捕昆虫。

　　例3：Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists 　　have paid little attention to cultural 　A　　interpretations given to silence, or to the types of 　B　C 　 social contexts in which tends to occur. 　D 分析：D错，in which后面跟完整句子。In which it, it 指代silence, or to 和第二行的to并列

　　例4：After the First World War, the author Anais Nin became interested in the art movement known as Surrealism and in psychoanalysis,both ___her novels and short stories. (A) in which the influence 　　　(B) of which influenced 　　　(C) to have influence 　　　(D) its influence in 分析：第二个逗号前为结构完整的句子，A中有从句引导词which, 却没有谓语动词，构成不了完整的句子。C中最后一个词为名词，无法与后面的名词短语连接，D构成名词短语，不合题意，而且名词influence一般接介词on, 故三个选项都可排除。B构成一个非限定性定语从句，故选B。