Syntactic                Minor… 次要词类close, words are fixed
Categories                限定、助动、介、代、连、叹Det,Aux,Prep,Pron,Conj,Int
       Phrasal category
Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word(called a lexical category) or a phrase(called phrasal category)that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject in a sentence.
12.短语类型
    Noun Phrase       NP 
Phrasal      Verb Phrase        VP   
Categories   Preposition Phrase  PP   
              Adjective Phrase     AP
13.The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each moun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb, in many cases, grammatical relations refer virtually to ’who’ does ’what ’to ’whom’.
14.we usually refer to the grammatical relations as subject of and direct object of.
15.Combinational rules must be small in number so as not to create extra burdens on the human memory. also these rules must be powerful enough to yield all the possible sentences, and rule out the impossible ones
组合规则一定不能太多，以免给人的记忆带来过多的负担，用这些规则必须能组合出所有可能的句子，而排除不可能的句子。
16.rules an generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properties. It captures the ability of language to generate more constituents to a sentence and enables speakers to repeat syntactic constituents within the same sentence.
循环性体现了语言中的句子能有更多的成分，使说话者能在同一句子中重复一些句法成分。
17.移位类型
Syntactic   NP-movement=t’s involving the movement of a noun phrase.
Movement   名词短语的移位
                 WH-movement=It changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.
                陈述变疑问句
               AUX-…=the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence initial position.
             助动词移位到句首的移位  
18.普遍语法的广义原则
General Principles of Universal Grammar: Case Condition和Adjacency Condition
格条件---a noun phrase must have Case and Case is assigned by V or P to the object position, or by AUX to the subject position.
名词词组必须有格，宾语的格是由动词或介词决定，而主语的格由助动词决定。
相邻条件—a case assignor and a Case recipient should stay adjacent to each other,it explains why no other phrasal category can intervene between a verb and its direct object.
格分派者和格接受者要相邻。这解释了为什么任何别的词组类不能插到动词和它的直接宾语之间。
19.Universal Grammar is believed to contain a parameter with the valves增and减set on the Adjacency condition. with English-type languages, the Adjacency Parameter is set to the增 value, while for French-type language, the parameter is set to减value.
三、问答题
1.Use the appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.
⑴the tower on the hill collapsed in the wind
⑵Mary promised John to see the doctor.




Chapter 5     Semantics     
一、定义
1.命名论The naming theory
  The naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also a very primitive one was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words,the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for, so words are just names or labels for things.
2.意念论The conceptualist view
  It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather ,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.
3.语境论Conceptualism
  It’s based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. her are two kinds of context: the situational and the linguistic context.
4.行为主义论Behaviorism