8.词干Stem
  A stem is  the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. a stem can be a bound root ,a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.
9.形态学规则Morphological rules
  They are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word.
10.前缀Prefix
  Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem ,but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word, exceptions are the prefixes ‘be-‘ and ‘en(m)-‘
11.后缀Suffix
  Suffixes are added to the end of stems, they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. 3.In using the morphological rules, we must guard against Over-generalization.
二、知识点   
                    Inflectional morphology
1.Morphology                    
                    Derivational morphology          
                    Free morphemes
Morphemes                             Root
                 Bound morphemes           Inflectional affixes     
                                             Affixes                                  Prefix
                                                          Derivational affixes  
2.some words maybe said to contain a root morpheme.             Suffix
4.Compound features:
⑴orthographically, a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between.
⑵Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element.
⑶semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its component 
 









Chapter Four   Syntax
一、定义
1.句子sentence
A structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.
2.语言运用Linguistic competence
The system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker.
3.谓语Predicate
The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called predicate.
4.定式子句Finite Clause
A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands structurally alone.
5.从属子句Embedded Clause (E C)
In a complete sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an E C .
6.主要子句Matrix Clause
In a complexed sentence, the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix clause.
7.层次结构Hierarchical structure
The  sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP.
8.语法关系Grammatical relations
The structural and logical functional relations between every noun phrase and sentence.
9.句法类型Syntactic category
 A word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function such as the subject or object.
10.表层结构S-structure
A level of syntactic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement.
11.深层结构D-structure
A level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary syntactic movement.