3.Discuss one major factor which contributes to the difficulties most second language learners encounter.
论述导致大多数第二语言学习者学习困难的一个主要因素。
It has been suggested by some SLA scholars that learning difficulties confronting adultL2 learners arise from the fact that for most people a second language is learned in a formal setting, rather han acquired in a natural environment .
Language acquisition is contrasted with language learning on the ground that acquisition is subconscious, focusing on meaning, which learning is conscious, focusing on form. Its argued that conscious knowledge of linguistic forms does not ensure acquisition of the rules, that is , does not ensure an immediate guidance for actual performance.
习得是无意识的，注重的是意义；学习是由意识的，注重的是形式。
4.Enumerate some causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition.列举第二语言习得中出现系统性错误的一些原因
   Some major causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition include
   (1)Interference from the mother tongue;母语干扰
   (2)Interlingual interference within the target language;目标语的语际语干扰 
  (3)overgeneralization.过度概括
   具体分析
Interference from the mother tongue:
Mother tongue interference is found at the level of pronunciation, morphology, syntax, vocabulary and meaning, and can be predicated by contrasting the grammatical or other systems of the native and target languages.
   Interlingual interference:
   Interlingual interference，or cross-association, occurs when the learner mixes rules and patterns of the target language and produce hybrid structures.
   Overgeneralization：
   The use of previously available strategies in new situations, i.e. the application of a particular pattern or rule of the target language in many other linguistic situations
课本外练习资料中的考点内容
一、定义
1.tone
Tone are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Tone is a suprasegmental feature.
2.Negative transfer
Negative transfer occurs when the frist language pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language. it’s commonly known as interference because it would lead to difficulties or errors in second language learning.
3.hapology
It refers to the loss of one of two phonetically similar syllables in sequence,
For example, the old English word ”engla-land”(the land of Angles)came to be pronounced “England” through the assimilation of ”la-la” sounds.
4.relational opposites
Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites.
5.语言判定Linguistic determinism
It refers to the fact that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on langauge, to put it more bluntly, language determines thought.
6.语调intonation
When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the wordin isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.
There are 4 types of intonation:
The falling tone, the rising tone, the fall-rise tone and the rise-fall tone.
7.深层结构Deep structure
   It’s an abstract level representing the basis for the meaning of a sentence. it consists of a structure generated by phrase structure rules and contains lexical items from the lexcion, but no transformations have yet applied to it.
8.连字符Diacritics
Diacritics are a set of symbols that added to the letter symbols to make finer distinctions than the letters alone make possible. Diacritics are only used in narrow transcription.
For example, in broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sound[l ]in words like leaf [li;f],feel[fi;l].
9.历史和比较语言学Historical and comparative linguistics
 It’s a study of ongoing changes that languages have undergone.
It’s historical because it deals with the historical development of individual languages.
It’s comparative in the sense that it aims at developing and elucidating the genetic relationships that exist between and among languages, classifying related languages into language families and reconstructing their ancestral languages.
10.正向转移Positive transfer
Transfer can be positive or negative,. Presumably, positive transfer occurs when a first language pattern is identical with, or similar to, a target language.
例如,French people find no difficulty in learning the English word ”table” cos it has the same meaning as the French word” table”.