34．
A第三段讲的是心理历史学家研究历史时存在的问题。因此deepest加引号，说明作者认为心理历史学家的理论并不是对历史事件最深刻的解释，其他的解释也并不一定就不对。说明作者对心理历史学家的宣称持保留意见。

35．
D本文并没有谈到心理历史学家在应用他们方法方面的前后矛盾、不一致性。


Passage TWO
The biggest problem facing Chile as it promotes itself as a tourist destination to be reckoned with is that it is at the end of the earth. It is too far south to be a convenient stop on the way to anywhere else and is much farther than a relatively cheap half-day’s flight away from the big tourist markets, unlike Mexico, for example.
Chile, therefore, is having to fight hard to attract tourists, to convince travelers that it is worth coming halfway round the world to visit. But it is succeeding, not only in existing markets like the USA and Western Europe but in new territories, in particular the Far East. Markets closer to home, however, are not being forgotten. More than 50% of visitors to Chile still come from its nearest neighbor, Argentina, where the cost of living is much higher.
Like all South American countries, Chile sees tourism as a valuable earner of foreign currency, although it has been far more serious than most in promoting its image abroad. Relatively stable politically within the region, it has benefited from the problems suffered in other areas. In Peru, guerrilla warfare in recent years has dealt a heavy blow to the tourist industry and fear of street crime in Brazil has reduced the attraction of Rio de Janeiro as a dream destination for foreigners.
More than 150,000 people are directly involved in Chile’s tourist sector, an industry which earns the country more than US $950 million each year. The state-run National Tourism Service, in partnership with a number of private companies, is currently running a worldwide campaign, taking part in trade fairs and international events to attract visitors to Chile.
Chile’s great strength as a tourist destination is its geographical diversity. From the parched Atacama Desert in the north to the Antarctic snowfields of the south, it is more than 5,000 km long. With the Pacific on one side and the Andean mountains on the other, Chile boasts natural attractions. Its beaches are not up to Caribbean standards but resorts such as Vina del Mar are generally dean and unspoilt and have a high standard of services.
But the tromp card is the Andes mountain range. There are a number of excellent ski resorts within one hour’s drive of the capital, Santiago, and the national parks in the south are home to rare animal and plant species. The parks already attract specialist visitors, including mountaineers, who come to climb the technically difficult peaks, and fishermen, lured by the salmon and trout in the region’s rivers. However, infrastructural development in these areas is limited. The ski resorts do not have as many lifts as their European counterparts and the poor quality of roads in the south means that only the most determined travelers see the best of the national parks. Air links between Chile and the rest of the world are, at present, relatively poor. While Chile’s two largest airlines have extensive networks within South America, they operate only a small number of routes to the United States and Europe, while services to Asia are almost non-existent. Internal transports links are being improved and luxury hotels are being built in one of its national .parks. Nor is development being restricted to the Andes. Easter Island and Chile’s Antarctic Territory are also on the list of areas where the Government believes it can create tourist markets.
But the rush to open hitherto inaccessible areas to mass tourism is not being welcomed by everyone. Indigenous and environmental groups, including Green Peace, say that many parts of the Andes will suffer if they become over-developed. There is a genuine fear that areas of Chile will suffer the cultural destruction witnessed in Mexico and European resorts. The policy of opening up Antarctica to tourism is also politically sensitive. Chile already has permanent settlements on the ice and many people see the decision to allow tourists there as a political move, enhancing Santiago’s territorial claim over part of Antarctica.
Tile Chilean Government has promised to respect the environment as it seeks to bring tourism to these areas. But there are immense Commercial pressures to exploit the country’s tourism potential. The Government will have to monitor developments closely if it is genuinely concerned in creating a balanced, controlled industry and if the price of an increasingly lucrative tourist market is not going to mean the loss of many of Chile’s natural fiches.
36．Chile
is disadvantaged in the promotion of its tourism by _____.

A. geographical location
B. guerrilla warfare
C. political instability
D. street crime

37．Many
of Chile ’s tourists used to come from all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A.U.S.A

B. the Far East

C. Western Europe

D. her neighbors



38．
According to the author, Chile ’s greatest attraction is _____.

A. the unspoilt beaches
B. the dry and hot desert
C. the famous mountain range
D. the high standard of services

39．
According to the passage, in WHICH area improvement is already under way?

A. Facilities in the ski resorts.
B. Domestic transport system.
C. Air services to Asia.
D. Road network in the south.

40．The
objection to the development of Chile ’s tourism might be all EXCEPT that it _____.


A. is ambitious and unrealistic
B. is politically sensitive
C. will bring harm to culture
D. will cause pollution in the area
【答案与解析】

36．
A由第一段首句The biggest problem facing Chile as it promotes itself as a tourist destination to be reckoned with, is that it is at theend of the earth.可知，智利在旅游业开发方面遇到的最大障碍是它位于地球末端，太靠南。由此可知，地理位置是智利旅游业发展的不利因素。

37．
B由第二段第二、三、四句可知现在智利旅游业不仅在原有的市场如美国和西欧大获成功，而且在新市场即远东地区也很成功，来智利旅游的游客中有超过一半都是来自离它最近的邻国阿根廷。说明美国、西欧及邻国都是智利原有的市场，而远东是新开辟的市场。

38．
C第五段通过具体例子说明了智利有很多吸引人之处，但第六段首句提出But the trump card is the Andes mountain range．trump card是王牌的意思，也就是说智利最吸引人的地方还是安第斯山脉。

39．
B由倒数第三段倒数第三句Internal transports links are being improved and luxury hotels are being built in one of its national parks.可知，智利国内交通线路正在改善，故选项B “国内交通体系”为正确答案。

40．
A根据倒数第二段倒数第二句The policy of opening up Antarcticato tourism is also politically sensitive， “政治上的敏感”是人们反对开发智利旅游业的原因之一，因此B项正确。根据倒数第二段第三句There is a genuine fear that areasof Chile will suffer the cultural destruction...resorts，人们担心旅游业开发会破坏当地文化，因此C项正确。根据倒数第二段第二句 Indigenous and environmental groups, including Greenpeace, say that manyparts of the Andes will suffer if they become over-developed，当地居民和环境保护人士都是反对过度开发智利旅游业的，因此D项（引起当地的环境污染）正确。只有A项不符合文意。


Section B: Short Answer Questions [20 points]
Directions: In this section, there are two passages, each with five questions. Read the passages carefully. Then answer the questions by using the information from each passage. Please write your answers on the Answer Sheet.
Passage THREE
How many really suffer as a result of labor market problem? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same direct consequences today as it did in the 1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much close to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness, Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earners, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of tabor market pathologies.
Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so tow that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed .in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those falling in the labor market are adequately protected.