《英语语言学》导学手册



程可拉主编


英语语言学教学大纲
一、教学目的和要求
    英语语言学是英语本科专业的自考课程。本课程的目的是帮助学生系统地学习语言学基本理论知识和研究方法，为从事英语语言教学与研究打下良好的基础。
    本课程教学的具体要求是：
    １．系统掌握语言学的基本理论和基本知识。
２．能应用语言学知识分析各种语言现象。
３．能应用语言学的基本理论来指导中学英语教学。
二、教学内容
I. Introduction
  1. Linguistics
     1.1  What is linguistics?
     1.2  Linguistics vs. traditional grammar
     1.3  The scope of linguistics
  2. Language
     2.1  What is language?
     2.2  The defining properties of human language
II. Phonology
  1. The phonic medium of language
  2. Phonetics
     2.1  What is phonetics?
     2.2  The speech organs
     2.3  Narrow and broad transcriptions
     2.4  Some major articulatory variables
     2.5  Classification of English speech sounds
  3. Phonology
     3.1  Phonetics and phonology
     3.2  Phone, phoneme and allophone
     3.3  Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair
     3.4  Some rules of phonology
     3.5  Suprasegmental features---Stress, tone, intonation
III. Morphology
  1. Morphology
     1.1 Open classes and closed classes
     1.2 Internal structure of words and rules for word formation
  2. Morphemes---the minimal units of meaning
  3. Derivational and inflectional morphemes
  4. Morphological rules of word formation
  5. Compounds
IV. Syntax
  1. Syntax
     1.1 What is syntax?
     1.2 Sentence
  2. Structuralist approach
     2.1 Form classes
     2.2 Constituent structure
     2.3 Immediate constituent analysis
     2.4 Endocentric and exocentric constructions
     2.5 Advantage of IC analysis
     2.6 Labelled tree diagram
     2.7 Discontinuous constituents
  3. Transformational-generative grammar
     3.1 Competence and performance
     3.2 Criteria for judging grammars
     3.3 Generative aspect
     3.4 Transformational aspect
     3.5 Deep and surface structures
  4. The Standard Theory
     4.1 Components of a TG
     4.2 The base
     4.3 Transformations
     4.4 The form of T-rules
     4.5 The phonological component
     4.6 The semantic component
V. Semantics
  1. Semantics
     1.1 What is semantics?
  2. Some views on semantics
     2.1 Naming things
     2.2 Concepts
     2.3 Context and behaviourism
     2.4 Mentalism
  3. Lexical meaning
     3.1 Sense and reference
     3.2 Synonymy
     3.3 Polysemy and homonymy
     3.4 Hyponymy
     3.5 Antonymy
     3.6 Relational opposites
  4. Componential analysis
     4.1 Componets of meaning
     4.2 Meaning relations in terms of componential analysis
  5. Sentence meaning
     5.1 How to define the meaning of a sentence?
     5.2 Selectional restrictions
     5.3 Basic statements about meaning
  6. The semantic structure of sentences
     6.1 Extended use of componential analysis
     6.2 Prediction analysis
     6.3 Subordinate and downgraded predictions
     6.4 Advantages of predication analysis
VI. Pragmatics
  1. What does pragmatics study?
  2. Speech act theory
  3. Principles of conversation
     3.1 The co-operative principle
     3.2 The politeness principle
VII. Language change
  1. Introduction
  2. Sound change
  3. Morphological and syntactic change
     3.1 Change in “agreement” rule
     3.2 Change in negation rule
     3.3 Process of simplification
     3.4 Loss of inflections
  4. Vocabulary change
     4.1 Addition of new words
     4.2 Loss of words
     4.3 Changes in the meaning of words
  5. Some recent trends
     5.1 Moving towards greater informality
     5.2 The influence of American English
     5.3 The influence of science and technology
  6. Causes of language change
VIII. Language and society
  1. The scope of sociolinguistics
     1.1 Indications of relatedness between language and society
     1.2 Sociolinguistics vs. traditional linguistic study
     1.3 Two approaches in sociolinguistics
  2. Varieties of language
     2.1 Varieties of language related to the user
     2.2 Standard dialect
     2.3 Varieties of language related to the use
  3. Communicative competence
  4. Pidgin and creole
  5. Bilingualism and diglossia
IX. Language and culture
  1. Introduction
  2. What is culture?
  3. Language and meaning
  4. Interdependence of language and culture
  5. The significance of cultural teaching and learning
  6. Linguistics evidence of cultural differences
     6.1 Greetings
     6.2 Thanks and compliments
     6.3 Terms of address
     6.4 Colour words
     6.5 Privacy and taboos
     6.6 Rounding off numbers
  7. Cultural overlap and diffusion
  8. Conclusion
X. Language acquisition
  1. Introduction
     1.1 Language acquisition
     1.2 The beginning of language
     1.3 Stages in first language acquisition
     1.4 Age and native language acquisition
     1.5 Common order in the development of language
     1.6 Different rate of language development
  2. Phonological development
     2.1 Regular sound development
     2.2 Mother and father words
     2.3 Grammatical development
     2.4 Vocabulary development
     2.5 Sociolinguistic development
  3. Theories of child language acquisition
     3.1 A behaviorist view of language acquisition
     3.2 A nativist view of language acquisition
XI. Errors analysis and second language acquisition
  1. Differences and similarities between first and second language acquisition
  2. The inadequacy of imitation theory
  3. Interference
     3.1 Phonological evidence
     3.2 Lexical evidence
     3.3 Grammatical evidence
  4. Cross-association
  5. Overgeneralization
  6. Strategies of communication
  7. Performance errors
三、教学原则和方法
１．启发式教学原则：教师积极引导学生理解分析问题，发挥学生的主观能动性，培养他们综合分析问题解决问题的能力。
２．精讲多练的原则：教师精选教学重点，抓住关键问题和基本内容进行重点讲解，然后让学生多作有针对性的练习，培养学生的自学能力和独立思考能力。
３．讨论式教学原则：针对本学科的不同理论体系，组织学生在广泛阅读的基础上进行讨论，把握各体系的利弊。
四、教材
１．戴炜栋等编著：《简明英语语言学教程》，上海外语教育出版社1989年版。

























1.    INTRODUCTION 绪论

本章学习目的要求

本章是全书的绪论，学习的目的是弄清语言学是一门什么样的学科， 以及人类语言的本质和特点。学习本章要求认识、理解语言研究的对象和方法、语言研究的各个层面以及语言学的各个分支，弄清语言学研究中的几对基本概念；此外，通过学习还要求对人类语言的本质有一个清楚的认识，通过对人类语言特点的学习，对人类语言交际和动物传递信息方式之间的根本不同有一个正确的认识。