TEXT E It is refreshing to see an international organization not only subjecting itself to criticism but also publishing the results. A report published today by the International Development Association which lends on highly concessionary terms to the poorest countries, deserves credit on both counts. But the reason for producing this sizeable document say as much about the crisis facing aid agencies as they do about the recipients of aid. In the nature of things the document is self-justificatory. It would be curious indeed for a group of international civil servants enjoying substantial tax-free salaries to recommend their own disbandment. The report concludes that without IDA, the situation in the worlds poorest countries "world have been even worse, and the needs today even greater". Leaving aside whether one can say what would have happened otherwise, there is no doubt that in the 22 years since its inception IDA has been diligent. It has committed 27,000m to 1,302 projects in 78 countries. This year disbursements will be about 2,100m, despite the argument over IDAs funding which has left it with less money than expected. All of these considerable sums have gone to the poorest countries on generous terms. No country with a per capita income of more than 730 is eligible for IDA assistance, and in 1980 no less than 80 percent of net disbursements were to countries with per capita incomes of only 410. When incomes are so desperately low, it is not surprising that the terms allow repayment over 50 years without interest. Nevertheless, as IDA candidly admits, measuring the effectiveness of such aid is difficult. It insists that projects must pay for themselves. In effect, the rate of return must provide the borrowing government with revenue to meet its obligations or else the loan becomes a subsidy.
　　78. The word "counts" in the first paragraph refers to _____.
　　A) the considerable sums which have gone to the poorest countries
　　B) IDA submitting itself to an evaluation and making the result known
　　C) the reasons for producing the sizeable document
　　D) the generous terms that IDA has offered
　　79. Why is IDA short of money?
　　A) Due to a crises facing aid agencies.
　　B) Due to a quarrel over IDA's funding.
　　C) Due to less money being donated by rich countries.
　　D) Due to a group of servants enjoying tax-free salaries.
　　80. What qualifies a country for financial aid?
　　A) A per capita income of more than '730.
　　B) A per capita income of less than '410.
　　C) A per capita income of more than ￡2,100.
　　D) A per capita income of less than '730.
　　SECTION B SKIMMING AND SCANNING
　　In this section there are five passages with a total of ten multiple-choice questions.    Skim or scan them as required and then select your answers to the questions.
　　TEXT F First read the following questions. 81. According to the passage, the canals allowed _____. A. the prevention of floods B. seawater to enter farmlands C. seawater to drain from the land D. the limestone to be exposed to air 82. In their nurseries, Tortugas shrimp require _____. A. rapidly moving water B. a high, steady water temperature C. a heavy concentration of salt water D. some fresh water mixed with the salt water Now read Text F quickly and select your answers. The record of peoples manipulation of nature in the Florida Everglades is replete with examples of remedies that were never fully analyzed before they were applied —— remedies that inevitably turned out to be more disastrous than the troubles they were intended to cure. It was peoples judgment, for example, that the rich muck of South Florida was going to waste under waste; so people drained off the water only to discover that muck, exposed to the heat of the sun, oxidizes into thin air. In some agricultural districts now as much as 40 percent of the organic soils are gone. Some farmers will be ploughing limestone by the year 2000. But they wont be raising any crops. Similarly, drainage undertaken to increase food production in one area has inhibited productivity in another; in periods of drought, the long canals became arms of the sea and salt water intruded on the land. In 1945, salinity in the soil killed off 18,000 acres of vegetables in southeast Dade country. Now increasing salinity in Florida Bay, caused by the decreasing outflow of fresh water from the Everglades, threatens the natural offshore nursery ground of the Tortugas shrimp and a 20 million annual commercial fishery.
　　81. According to the passage, the canals allowed _____.
　　A) the prevention of floods
　　B) seawater to enter farmlands
　　C) seawater to drain from the land
　　D) the limestone to be exposed to air
　　82. In their nurseries, Tortugas shrimp require _____.
　　A) rapidly moving water
　　B) a high, steady water temperature
　　C) a heavy concentration of salt water
　　D) some fresh water mixed with the salt water