TEXT C The function of the office is to perform administrative work. First it must provide the necessary communications with customers, banks, government departments, and other outside organizations. Second, it must service the information requirements within the company itself. In order to meet these needs efficiently, the Office Manager must employ the most appropriate business methods, system and equipment. In an efficient administrative structure, clerical operations are organized so that they add to the profitability of the business. However, in many countries the number of clerical staff has increased while the total number of workers employed in production has fallen. In Britain, for example, the total workforce in the years 1919-1976 went up by 24%, while the number of people who were employed in clerical work in creased by 150%. For a country such as Britain, which depends on a manufacturing base, that can mean inefficiency. To ensure that office services run smoothly, there must be the means to check, sort, copy and file correspondence and other paperwork. Today there is a growing range of machines that can be used to do such jobs. The size and resources of a company will determine how mechanized or computerized its office systems are. The office must give maximum service at minimum cost. A balance must be kept between production, marketing, and administration. As a company develops and grows, the contribution of administration will vary in kind and in value. The most important objective in modern offices is the processing of data in order to provide a means of business control, but in many companies there are weaknesses in the ability to manage communications efficiently. For example, some data are often used only by individual managers, and different departments in the same company may use different data processing systems. In order to contribute to business efficiency, however, data processing must be a centralized service. The system which is required is one that looks at the total needs of a business and therefore assists management in making appropriate decisions quickly.
　　73. According to the passage, the function of the office manager is to _____.
　　A) provide the necessary information for the local authority
　　B) keep a balance between production, marketing and administration
　　C) assist management in making appropriate decisions quickly
　　D) make sure that administrative work is performed efficiently
　　74. In what way are some companies inefficient in managing communications?
　　A) By not making data available to all managers.
　　B) By using the same data processing systems.
　　C) By checking business correspondence.
　　D) By depending on a manufacturing base.
　　75. The degree of computerization in a company's office is limited by _____.
　　A) the business methods and systems
　　B) the correspondence and other paperwork
　　C) the data and data processing systems
　　D) the size and resources of a company
　　TEXT D Training must have a purpose, which is defined when a firm analyses its training needs. A review of manpower planning should include a training analysis which looks carefully at training from the point of view of the company, its various departments and personnel. This may show that weaknesses exist in some departments and that, as a result, training is needed for their staff. Training needs are based on an analysis of job descriptions and job specifications. A job description should give details of the performance that is required for a specific job, and a job specification should give information about the behavior knowledge and skills that are expected of an employee who works in it. When all of this has been collected, it is possible to make a training specification. This specifies what the Training Department must teach for the successful performance of the job, and also the best methods to use in training period. There are many different training methods, and there are advantages and disadvantages to all of them. Successful training programs depend on an understanding of the difference between learning about skills and training in using them. It is frequently said that learning about skills takes place "off the job", in the classroom; but training in using those skills takes place "on the job", by means of such activities as job rotation and planned experience. It is always difficult to evaluate the costs and savings of a training program. The success of such a program depends not only on the methods used but also on the equality of the staff who do the training. A company can often check on savings in time and cost by examining the manual work performed by operators and technicians who have completed a training program. The evaluation of management and supervisory staff who leave their employment and the number who stay away from work for reasons of health.
　　76. According to the passage, an analysis of training needs is based on _____.
　　A) the performance required for a general job
　　B) the knowledge and skills expected in a person
　　C) the costs and savings of a training program
　　D) both the performance and knowledge and skills expected in a job
　　77. From the passage, we learn that "training in using them" takes place _____.
　　A) in the classroom
　　B) in the laboratory
　　C) on the job
　　D) at the training department