A Concise History of American Literature

　　What is literature?

　　Literature is language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages.

　　Chapter 1 Colonial Period I. Background: Puritanism

　　1.features of Puritanism

　　（1）Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.

　　（2）Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.

　　（3）Total depravity

　　（4）Limited atonement: Only the ※elect§ can be saved.

　　2.Influence

　　（1）A group of good qualities 每 hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety （serious and thoughtful） influenced American literature.

　　（2）It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth 每 garden of Eden.

　　（3）Symbolism: the American puritan＊s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American.

　　（4）With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.

　　II. Overview of the literature

　　1.types of writing

　　diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons

　　2.writers of colonial period

　　（1）Anne Bradstreet

　　（2）Edward Taylor

　　（3）Roger Williams

　　（4）John Woolman

　　（5）Thomas Paine

　　（6）Philip Freneau

　　III.    Jonathan Edwards

　　1.life

　　2.works

　　（1）The Freedom of the Will

　　（2）The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended

　　（3）The Nature of True Virtue

　　3.ideas 每 pioneer of transcendentalism

　　（1）The spirit of revivalism

　　（2）Regeneration of man

　　（3）God＊s presence

　　（4）Puritan idealism

　　IV.     Benjamin Franklin

　　1.life

　　2.works

　　（1）Poor Richard＊s Almanac

　　（2）Autobiography

　　3.contribution

　　（1）He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.

　　（2）He was called ※the new Prometheus who had stolen fire （electricity in this case） from heaven§.

　　（3）Everything seems to meet in this one man 每 ※Jack of all trades§. Herman Melville thus described him ※master of each and mastered by none§.

　　Chapter 2 American Romanticism

　　Section 1 Early Romantic Period What is Romanticism?

　　lAn approach from ancient Greek: Plato

　　lA literary trend: 18c in Britain （1798~1832）

　　lSchlegel Bros.

　　I. Preview: Characteristics of romanticism

　　1.subjectivity

　　（1）feeling and emotions, finding truth

　　（2）emphasis on imagination

　　（3）emphasis on individualism 每 personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodness of human beings

　　2.back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature

　　（1）unrestrained by classical rules

　　（2）full of imagination

　　（3）colloquial language

　　（4）freedom of imagination

　　（5）genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics

　　3.back to nature

　　nature is ※breathing living thing§ （Rousseau）

　　II. American Romanticism

　　1.Background

　　（1）Political background and economic development

　　（2）Romantic movement in European countries

　　Derivative 每 foreign influence

　　2.features

　　（1）American romanticism was in essence the expression of ※a real new experience and contained ※an alien quality§ for the simple reason that ※the spirit of the place§ was radically new and alien.

　　（2）There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.

　　（3）The ※newness§ of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.

　　（4）As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.

　　III.    Washington Irving

　　1.several names attached to Irving

　　（1）first American writer

　　（2）the messenger sent from the new world to the old world

　　（3）father of American literature

　　2.life

　　3.works

　　（1）A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty

　　（2）The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. （He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.）

　　（3）The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus

　　（4）A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada

　　（5）The Alhambra

　　4.Literary career: two parts

　　（1）1809~1832

　　a. Subjects are either English or European

　　b. Conservative love for the antique

　　（2）1832~1859: back to US

　　5.style 每 beautiful

　　（1）gentility, urbanity, pleasantness

　　（2）avoiding moralizing 每 amusing and entertaining

　　（3）enveloping stories in an atmosphere

　　（4）vivid and true characters

　　（5）humour 每 smiling while reading

　　（6）musical language

　　IV.     James Fenimore Cooper

　　1.life

　　2.works

　　（1）Precaution （1820, his first novel, imitating Austen＊s Pride and Prejudice）

　　（2）The Spy （his second novel and great success）

　　（3）Leatherstocking Tales （his masterpiece, a series of five novels）

　　The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie

　　3.point of view he theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights

　　4.style

　　（1）highly imaginative

　　（2）good at inventing tales

　　（3）good at landscape description

　　（4）conservative

　　（5）characterization wooden and lacking in probability

　　（6）language and use of dialect not authentic

　　5.literary achievements

　　He created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper＊s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.

　　Section 2 Summit of Romanticism 每 American Transcendentalism I. Background: four sources

　　1.Unitarianism

　　（1）Fatherhood of God

　　（2）Brotherhood of men

　　（3）Leadership of Jesus

　　（4）Salvation by character （perfection of one＊s character）

　　（5）Continued progress of mankind

　　（6）Divinity of mankind

　　（7）Depravity of mankind

　　2.Romantic Idealism

　　Center of the world is spirit, absolute spirit （Kant）

　　3.Oriental mysticism

　　Center of the world is ※oversoul§

　　4.Puritanism

　　Eloquent expression in transcendentalism

　　II. Appearance

　　1836, ※Nature§ by Emerson

　　III.    Features

　　1.spirit/oversoul

　　2.importance of individualism

　　3.nature 每 symbol of spirit/God

　　garment of the oversoul

　　4.focus in intuition （irrationalism and subconsciousness）