= Epenthesis

       We know that the English indefinite article an is used when following word begins with a vowel sound. We should notice that it is the lack of a consonant between vowels that requires the nasal [n] to be added to the article a . For that matter, we treat the change of a to an insertion of a nasal sound. Technically, this process of insertion is known as EPENTHESIS.

=     We see that the plural suffix, -(e)s in written form in English, is pronounced in three different ways: [s], [z], [əz]. Notice that the third person singular present tense verb forms have exactly the same pattern.

        It is easy to see that [s] is used when the preceding sound is a voiceless consonant other than /s, ʃ, tʃ/; [z]occurs when the preceding sound is a vowel or a voiced consonant other than /z, ʒ, ʤ/; and [əz] follows any of the following sounds: /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, ʤ/.

= Sibilants 咝擦音

The following group of fricatives and affricates: /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, ʤ/, which often behave in the same way, is traditionally known as Sibilants.

« Text Book P47

= Distinctive Features

        The idea of Distinctive Features was first developed by Roman Jacobson in the 1940s as a means of working out a set of phonological contrasts or oppositions to capture particular aspects of language sounds.

        Some of the major distinctions include [consonantal], [sonorant] 响音, [nasal] and [voiced]. The feature [consonantal] can distinguish between consonants and vowels; [sonorant] distinguishes between what we call Obstruents (stops, fricatives and affricates) and Sonorants (all other consonants and vowels); [nasal] and [voiced] of course distinguish nasal (including nasalized) sounds and voiced sounds respectively.

« Text Book P49-50-51-52

= The regular past tense in English is pronounced as [t] when the word ends with a voiceless consonant, [d]when it ends with a voiced sound, and [id] when it ends with [t] or [d].

= Suprasegmentals

       Suprasegmental Features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmentals are syllable, stress, tone, and intonation.

=Syllable

Monosyllable

Polysyllable

= Maximal Onset principle

=Stress (the degree of force used in producing a syllable)

= Intonation (the occurrence of recurring fall-rise patterns)

= Tone

补充 :

= Contrastive Distribution & Complementary Distribution

《英语语言学考点测评》p37-2

P  Chapter 6      Language and cognition

The structure of Chapter 6

« Psycholinguistics

         = Language Acquisition

               Ÿ  Four stages of first language acquisition

                                    1. Holophrastic stage

                                    2. Two-word stage

                                    3. Stage of three-word utterances

                                    4. Fluent grammatical conversation stage

                 Ÿ Language Acquisition Theories

                                    1. Reinforcement theory  (Bloomfield and Skinner)

                                    2. Innateness theory (Chomsky)

                                    3. Cognitive theory (Piaget)

        = Language Comprehension

                 Ÿ Mental lexicon

                 Ÿ Connectionism

                 Ÿ Word recognition

                 Ÿ Comprehension of sentence

                 Ÿ Comprehension of text

        = Language Production                                       

                       Ÿ Access to words

                       Ÿ Generation of sentence

                       Ÿ Written language production

« Cognitive Linguistics

            = Construal and Construal Operations

                       Ÿ Attention/ Salience

                       Ÿ Judgment/ Comparison

                       Ÿ Perspective/ Situatedness

            = Categorization

                       Ÿ Basic level

                       Ÿ Superordinate level

                       Ÿ Subordinate level

            = Image Schemas

                       Ÿ A center-periphery schema

                       Ÿ A containment schema

                       Ÿ A cycle schema

                       Ÿ A force schema

                       Ÿ A link schema

                       Ÿ A part-whole schema

                       Ÿ A path schema

                       Ÿ A scale schema

                       Ÿ A verticality schema

            = Metaphor

                       Ÿ Ontological metaphors

                       Ÿ Structural metaphors

                       Ÿ Orientional metaphors

            = Metonymy

            = Blending Thoery

« Psycholinguistics

     《语言学教程练习册》p36  

(psychological aspects; psychological states and mental activity; interdisciplinary academic field)

         = Language Acquisition

              《语言学教程练习册》p36

(Acquiring a first language is something every child does successfully; four stages)  first language acquisition; second language acquisition

               Ÿ  Four stages of first language acquisition

                                    1. Holophrastic stage

                                             (The main linguistic accomplishments are control of the

                                         speech musculature and sensitivity to the phonetic

                                         distinctions; words usually produced in isolation; this

                                         stage can last from two months to a year.)

                                    2. Two-word stage

                                         (Around 18 months; learn words at a rate of one every two