在索绪尔看来，语言是一种符号系统，每个符号系统由两部分组成：符号和符号。这两个部分之间的关??系是任意的。组合关系是形成相同形式，顺序，构造等部分的元素之间的关系。在s，p和r之间以弹簧形式出现，或者在主语和动词之间以Bill hunts形式出现。组合关系也称为水平关系或连锁关系。范式关系是在结构中的特定位置可以相互替换的元素之间保持的关系。范式关系也称为垂直关系或选择关系。In Saussure’s view, language is a system of signs, each of which consists of two parts: signified and signifier. And the relationships between these two parts are arbitrary. Syntagmatic relation is a relation between elements that form part of the same form, sequence, construction, etc. e.g. between s, p, and r in a form such as spring, or between a subject and a verb in constructions such as Bill hunts. The syntagmatic relation is also called horizontal relation or chain relation. Paradigmatic relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure. The paradigmatic relation is also called vertical relation or choice relation.