(2) three groups of novels
(3) Features of his novels.
(4) his influence.
2. Jane Austen
(1) Life:
a.  country clergyman;
b.  uneventful life, domestic duties;
(2) works.
(3) features of her writings.
Austen’s novels are britened by their witty conversation and omnipresent humour. Her stories are skillfully woven together; her plots never leave the path of realism, and have always been sensible. Her language shines with agogo, elegant and refined, but never showy. She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made up on a little piece of ivory only two inches square. The comparison is true. The ivory surface is small enough, but the lady who made the drawings of human life on it was a real artist.
(4) rationalism, neoclassicism, romanticism and realism.
VI.         Familiar Essays.
1. Introduction
2. Charles Lamb: essayist and critic查尔斯 兰姆
(1) life:
a.  poor family;b. friend of Coleridge; c. sister Mary;d.  worked in the East India House;e.  a miserable life;f.  a man of mild character. g.  a Romanticist of the city.
(2) works: Essays of Elia. Three groups.
(3) Features.
        a. The most striking feature of his essays is his humour.
        b. Lamb was especially fond of old writers.
        c. His essays are intensely personal.
        d. He was a romanticist.
Chapter 7 English Literature of the Victorian Age维多利亚时期 现实主义时期
I. Introduction
1. Historical Background
        (1) An age of expansion
        (2) The conditions of the workers and the chartist movement
        (3) Reforms
        (4) Darwin’s theory of evolution and its influence
        (5) The women question
2. Literary Overview: critical realism.
In Victorian period appeared a gogoh critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the early 50s. It found its expression in the form of gogot of whom were novelists, described with much vividness and artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.
II.  gogo.
1. Charles Dickens.
(1) Life:
a. clerk family;b. a miserable childhood;c. a clerk, a reporter, a writer;d. a man of hard work.
(2) works of three periods.
        a. optimize
        b. frustration
        c. pessimism
(3) Features of his works.
a.        character sketches and exaggeration
b.        broad humour and penetrating satire
c.        complicated and fascinating plot
d.        the power of exposure
2. William Makepeace Thackeray
(1) Life:
a. born in India;b. studied in Cambridge;c. worked as artist and illustrator and writer.
(2) work: The Vanity Fair
(3) Thackeray and Dickens – features
a. Just like Dickens, Thackeray is ogogo of the 19th century Europe. He paints life as he has seen it. With his precise and thorough observation, rich knowledge of social life and of the human heart, the pictures in his novels are accurate and true to life.
b. Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic and his humour subtle.
c. Besides being a realist and satirist, Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all his novels.
3. The Bronte Sisters
(1) Charlotte Bronte and Jane Eyre(2) Emily Bronte and The Wuthering Heights.
4. George Eliot.
(1) Life:a. Mary Ann Evans;b. the rural midland;c. abandoned religion;d. interested in social philosophical problems;e. editor of the Westminster Review;f. George Henry Lewis.
(2) works
l        Adam Bede
l        Silas Marner
l        Middlemarch
(3) Features of works.
As a moralist, she shows in each of her characters the action and reaction of universal forces and believes that every evil act must bring inevitable punishment to the man who does it. Moral law was to her as inevitable and automatic as gravitation.
5. Thomas Hardy: novelist and poet
(1) Life:a. Dorchester—”Wexssex;b. close to peasantry;c. belief in evolution.