Preparatory Meditations 217首<受领圣餐前的自省录>
B write for civil and religious freedom
(1) Roger Williams (1603-1683) 罗杰.威廉斯
The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience
(2) John Woolman (1720-1772) 约翰.乌尔曼
Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes
A Plea for the Poor
The Journal
(3) Thomas Paine (1737—1809) 托马斯.潘恩
Common Sense (<常识>1776);
The American Crisis (<美国危机>Dec. 1776—April 1783);
The Rights of Man (<人的权利>1791—92);
The Age of Reason (<理智时代>1794—95);
(4)Philip Freneau (1752—1832) 菲利普.弗瑞诺
The British Prison ship <英国囚船>
The Rising Glory of America <美洲光辉的兴起>
The Indian Burying Ground <印地安人墓地>
The Wild Honey suckle <野金银花>
(5) Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) 查尔斯.布罗克丹.布朗
Wieland (or The Transformation: An American Tale
Edgar Huntly
Ormond
Arthur Mervyn
2 The 18th Century:
Enlightenment and the Great Awakening 
Enlightenment
An 18th-century movement that focused on the ideals of good sense, benevolence, and a belief in liberty, justice, and equality as the natural rights of man.
The Great Awakening: series of religious revivals, which began with the evangelicalism of Jonathan Edwards.
Revolutionary War
The War of Independence, 1775-1783, fought by the American colonies against Great Britain.
 (1)Jonathan Edwards (1703—1785) 乔纳森.爱德华兹
Outstanding representative of Puritanism
Personal Narrative (<自述>1740);
Freedom of the Will (<意志的自由>1754);
The Doctrine of Original Sin Defend (<原罪说辩>1758);
Images or Shadows of Divine Things (<神灵的形影>)
(2) Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) 本杰明.富兰克林
social reform; scientist;
The Autobiography (<自传>)
Poor Richard’s Almanac (<格言历书>)
“Thirteen Virtues” （13条美德）
1 Temperance: eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation;
2 Silence: speak not but what may benefit other or yourself; avoid trifling conversation;
3 Order: let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.
4 Resolution: resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.
5 Frugality: make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e. waste nothing.
6 Industry: lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.
7 Sincerity: use no hurtful deceit; think accordingly and justly; and if you speak, speak accordingly.
8 Justice: wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.
9 Moderation: avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.
10 Cleanliness: tolerate no uncleannliess in body, clothes, or habitation.
11 Tranquility: be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.
12 Chastity: rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another’s peace or reputation.
13 Humility: imitate Jesus and Socrates.
(3) Thomas Jefferson (1743—1862) 托马斯.杰斐逊
3rd President of the U. S.
Declaration of Independence (<独立宣言>1776)
II The Age of Romanticism (1800—1865)
1 American Romanticism
Romance
Emotionally heightened, symbolic American novels associated with the Romantic period.
Romanticism
A reaction against neoclassicism. This early 19th- century movement elevated the individual, the passions, and the inner life. It stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion against social conventions.
Neoclassicism
An 18th-century artistic movement, associated with the Enlightenment, drawing on classical models and emphasizing reason, harmony, and restraint.
(1) Washington Irving (1783—1859) 华盛顿.欧文
father of American literature
the first American writer of imaginative literature
inspiring the American romantic imagination
The Sketch Book or The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon <见闻札记>
“Rip Van Winkle” <里普.凡.温克尔>
“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” <睡谷的传说>
(2) James Fenimore Cooper (1789—1851) 詹姆斯.费尼莫.库柏
The Spy  <间谍> (1821)
The Leather-Stocking Tales <皮袜子五部曲>：
The Pioneers <开拓者>（1823）
The Last of the Mohicans <最后的莫希干人> (1826)
The Prairie  <草原> (1827)
The Pathfinder <探路者> (1840)
The Deerslayer <杀鹿者> (1841)
2 New England Transcendentalism 新英格兰超验主义
or American Renaissance
Transcendentalism
A broad, philosophical movement in New England during the Romantic era (peaking between 1835 and 1845). It stressed the role of divinity in nature and the individual s intuition, and exalted feeling over reason.
(1) Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803—1882) 拉尔夫.瓦尔多.爱默生
 
A founder of the Transcendental movement. Moreover, Emerson was not only the shaper of a distinctly American philosophy embracing optimism, individuality, and mysticism, but one of the most influential figures of the nineteenth century. The American Scholar, an address delivered before Harvard’s Phi Beta Kappa Society, attacked American dependence on European thought urged the creation of a new literary heritage Language
Transcendentalist Club
The Dial <日晷>杂志
Nature <论自然>
Self Reliance <论自立>
Essays: First Series <散文选：第一集>
Essays: Second Series <散文选：第二集>
Representative Men <代表性人物>
English Traits <英国人的特性>
The Conduct of Life <论为人处事>
(2) Henry David Thoreau (1817—1862) 亨利.大卫.梭罗
 
Walden is now considered one of the best-selling books in the history of American literature, and its critical reputation continues to grow as much as its popular acceptance. In addition, Walden has long been a staple of the American literature curriculum at universities in the U.S
Waldon or Life in the Woods <沃尔登/华尔腾or林中生活>
Civil Disobedience <非暴力反抗>or<论公民的不服从>
The Maine Woods <缅因森林>
Letters to Various Person <书信集>
(3) Edgar Allan Poe （1809—1849）埃德加.爱伦.坡
Famous American poet, short-story writer, and literary critic
Most controversial and misunderstood in America
Well received in Europe, England, Spain, esp. in France
A: Poems
To Helen  <献给海伦>
The Raven  <乌鸦>
Israfel  <伊斯拉菲尔>
B: Short stories: Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque
MS. Found in a Bottle  <在瓶子里发现的手稿>
The Fall of the House of Usher  <厄舍古屋的倒塌>
The Masque of the Red Death  <红色死亡的化妆舞会>
C: literary theory
The Poetic Principle <诗歌原理>
The Philosophy of Composition <创作哲学>
Review of Twice-Told Tales 评霍桑的<故事重述>
3 Romantic Poets:
(1) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807—1882) 亨利.华兹渥斯.朗费罗
Voices of the Night <夜籁集>--catch the attention
Ballads and Other Poems <歌谣及其它>
Evangeline <伊凡吉林>
Hiawatha or The Song of Hiawatha <海华莎之歌>
The Courtship of Miles Standish <麦尔思.斯丹狄士的求婚>
Tales of a Wayside Inn <路边酒肆的故事>
(2) Walt Whitman (1819—1892) 沃尔特.惠特曼
 
The greatest Romantic poet in the 19th century
Leaves of Grass (1855)<草叶集>
Drum-taps (1865) <桴鼓集>
(3) Emily Dickinson (1830—1886) 艾米莉.狄金森
 
Great female productive American poet
Write about common things in daily life
Poetry of Emily Dickson (1955) <艾米莉.狄金森诗集>:
Because I Could Not Stop for Death <因为我不能等待死神>
I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died <我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声>
My Life Closed Twice before Its Close <我从未失掉过这么多但有两次
4 Romantic Novelists:
(1) Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804—1864) 纳撒尼尔.霍桑
affected by Puritanism and enlightened by Transcendentalism
pioneer of psychological novel 心理小说的开创者
wrote about the dark side of society and human nature
using symbolism
The Scarlet Letter <红字>
(2) Herman Melville (1819—1891) 赫尔曼.梅尔维尔
sailor and whale-hunter
Moby Dcik <白鯨>
5 Slavery-Abolishing Movement: 废奴运动
Abolitionism
Active movement to end slavery in the U.S. North before the Civil War in the 1860s.
(1) Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811—1896) 哈丽特.比彻.斯托夫人
Uncle Tom’s Cabin <汤姆叔叔的小屋> 
Dred, a Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp <德雷德，阴暗的大沼泽地的故事>
The Civil War (1861—1865) brought the Romantic period to an end
IV The Age of Realism (1865—1918)
A reaction against “the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism”
3 great advocators of American realistic literature in the 19th century
William Dean Howells (1837—1920) 威廉.狄恩.豪威尔斯
Henry James (1843—1916) 亨利.詹姆斯
Mark Twain (1835—1910) 马克.吐温
1 Beginning
(1) William Dean Howells (1837—1920) 威廉.狄恩.豪威尔斯
Novelist, literary critic and playwright
Standard-bearer of realistic literature 现实主义文学的旗手
Made for the triumph of realism over romanticism
Remained for over 3 decades the de facto dean of American literature
The Rise of Silas Lapman <赛拉斯.拉帕姆的发迹>
(2) Henry James (1843—1916) 亨利.詹姆斯
Master of psychological realism 心理现实主义的大师
novelist of psychological analysis 心理分析小说家
pioneer of American Stream of Consciousness 意识流文学先驱
Novel of manners 世态小说
Daisy Miller <苔瑟.密勒>
The Portrait of a Lady <贵夫人画像>
2 Local Colorism 乡土文学
Mark Twain (1835—1910) 马克.吐温
pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔.朗荷恩.克莱门斯
Famous American humorous novelist
The Celebrated jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865) <卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙>
Innocents Abroad  (1869) <傻子国外旅行记>
Roughing It (1872) <艰苦岁月>
The Gilded Age  (1873) <镀金时代>
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer  (1876) <汤姆.索亚历险记>
The Prince and the Pauper (1881) <王子和贫儿>
Life on the Mississippi  (1883) <密西西比河上>
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  (1886)<哈克贝里.费恩历险记>
----fathered Modern American literature
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889) <在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州美国人>
3 American Naturalism (the last decade of the 19th century)
Naturalism
Late 19th- and early 20th-century literary approach of French origin that vividly depicted social problems and viewed human beings as helpless victims of larger social and economic forces.
(1) Stephen Crane (1871—1900) 斯蒂芬.克兰
American novelist and poet
Writer and journalist
Novels:
Maggie, A Girl of the Street <街头女郎玛琪>
----the first naturalistic work in American literature history
The Red Badge of Courage <红色英勇勋章>
(2) Theodore Dreiser (1871—1945) 西奥多.德莱塞
American naturalistic writer
Journalist
Sister Carrie <嘉莉妹妹>
Jennie Gerhardt <珍妮姑娘>
The Financier <金融家>
The Titan <巨头>
The “Genius” <天才>
An American Tragedy <美国的悲剧>----the greatest American novel
(3) O. Henry (1862—1910) 欧.亨利
William Sydney 威廉.辛德尼
Short-story writers:
The Gift of Magi <麦琪的礼物>
The Cop and The Anthem <警察与赞美诗>
Ironic coincidence and surprising ending
(4) Jack London (1876—1916) 杰克.伦敦
Martin Eden <马丁.伊登>----semi-autobiography
The Call of the Wild <野性的呼唤>
White Fang <白芳>
4 muckrakers 黑幕揭发者
journalists in majority
expose the greed and cruelty of big businesses as well as the corruption of political circles
①Upton Sinclair (1878—1968) 厄普顿.辛克莱
The Jungle <屠场>--Chicago slaughterhouse
②David Graham Phillips (1867—1911) 大卫.格雷厄姆.菲利普斯
③Robert Herrick (1868—1938) 罗伯特.赫里克
V American Modernism (1918—1945) 现代主义时期
American Modernism first began in poetry.
Chicago : the revolutionary center against traditional poetry
Poetry <诗刊> (a magazine)
(I) Poems Between Two Centuries ( the 19th and 20th centuries):
3 types of poems:
A: Chicago Poets
Adhere to the tradition of Whitman
Reflect feelings of laboring people
(1) Carl Sandburg (1878—1967)卡尔.桑德堡
 
American modern poet and biographical writer
Benefit from his humble personal backgrounds and rich experience
Write plain poems for plain people “为朴素的人民写朴素的诗”
To be sound of the people 成为“人民的声音”
Contribution to colloquial style of American literature
be awarded the American Poetry Society prize in 1919 and 1920
be awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his Complete Poems in 1950
<诗歌全集>
In Reckless Ecstasy <心醉神迷>
Chicago Poems <芝加哥诗集>
Famous Imagist poems:
Fog <雾>
Lost <失落>
The Harbor <港口>←→Chicago <芝加哥>
Cool Tombs <清冷的墓>
I Am the People, the Mob <我是人民群众>
The People, Yes <人民，是的>
The American Songbag <美国歌集>
--folk songs of cowboys, vagabond and black people
Biography of Lincoln  (6 volumes) <林肯传>
1 autobiography
1 historical novel
Cornhuskers  <碾米机>
Smoke and Steel <烟与钢>
Good Morning, America <早安，美国>
Collected Poems <诗集>
B: Leading figures in the poetic revolution
Imagism and New-poetry Movement
(1) Ezra Pound (1885—1972) 埃兹拉.庞德
a Established Imagism（意象派）with British poet T. E. Hulme in 1908;
(1908—1917) T. E. 休姆 (1883—1917)
b Suggested 3 principles for Imagism with Richard Aldington （理查德.奥尔丁顿）and Hilda Doolittle (1886—1961)（希尔达.杜利特尔）
c Sponsored Vorticism (漩涡主义) with painter Windham Lewis
(1882—1957) (温德姆.刘易斯) in 1914;
d the leading role in poetic renovation and renaissance in the first 25 years of the 20th century
e father of modern American poetry
Personae (1909) 《人物》
Exultations (1909) 《狂喜》
Cathay (1915) 译著《华夏》
Homage to Sextus Propertius (1917) 《向赛克斯特斯.普罗波蒂斯致敬》
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley <休.赛尔温.毛伯利> (1920)
The Cantos <诗章>
(2) William Carlos Williams (1883—1963)威廉.卡洛斯.威廉斯
The Red Wheelbarrow <红色手推车>
Paterson <佩特森>
unique theory on literary composition
“say it! No ideas but in things.” (Book I, Paterson)“思想仅寓于事物中”
Free verse and accentual verse 自由体诗、重音诗
a most important figure in modern American poetry
(3) T. S. Eliot (1888—1972) T. S. 艾略特
famous American poet, playwright and critic
major figure in New Poetry Movement
a key to modern British and American poetry了解现代美国诗歌的钥匙
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock <J. 阿尔弗雷德.普鲁弗洛克的情歌>
Gerontion <小老头>
The Waste Land <荒原>
The Hollow Men <空心人>
Ash-Wednesday <圣灰节>
Four Quartets <四个四重奏>
(4) E. E. Cummings (1894—1962) 卡明斯
Poet and modern painter
Against traditional poetry with bold attempts at composing poems
Unique style
Cubism & Dadaism--guide his poems 以立体派、达达派风格指导诗歌创作
Tulips and Chimneys <郁金香和烟囱>
XLI Poems <诗四十一首>
Is 5 <是5>
No thanks <不谢>
Complete Poems <全集>
Drama: Him <他>
Santa Claus <圣诞老人>
Prose:
The Enormous Room--4 months’ wrong experience in prison
<巨大的房间>
Eimi—his experience in Russia <艾米>
Six Non-lectures—speeches at Harvard <六个非讲座>
C: in-between poets
1 Robert Frost (1874—1963) 罗伯特.弗罗斯特
Robert Frost (1874-1963):
 
Frost received four Pulitzer Prizes for his poetry.
The Road Not Taken
Mending Wall
Fire and Ice
Acquainted with the Night 
 
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
“New England poet”
My butterfly <我的蝴蝶>
A Boy’s Will <少年的意志>
North of Boston <波士顿以北>
Mountain Interval <山间>
New Hampshire <新罕布什尔>
West-Running Brook <向西流去的小溪>
A Further Range <又一片牧场>
Mending Wall <修墙>
After Apple-Picking <摘苹果之后>
The Birches <白桦树>
A Witness Tree <见证树>
Steeple Bush <尖塔丛>
A Masque of Mercy <假慈悲>
Collected Poems <诗选>
Complete Poems <诗歌全集>
In the Clearing <林间空地>
won Pulitzer Prize 4 times
Appointed as professor or visiting poet by dozens of universities
Be entitled “national poet” by American senate at age of 75
Recited his poem The Gift Outright on Inauguration Day of John Kennedy <全心全意的奉献>
Last poem at age of 88
(II) American Drama
Disapproved by Puritanism, American drama started late and developed slowly. European drama entered its heyday at the end of the 19th century. Many small theatres appeared in America under the influence of European drama. Famous ones are as follows:
Washington Square Theatre in 1915→Theatre Guild in 1919剧院协会
Provincetown Theatre in 1915 普罗文斯敦剧社
Group Theatre in 1931  同仁剧社
1 Great playwright of the 1920s
Eugene O’Neil (1888—1953) 尤金.奥尼尔
America’s greatest playwright
American Shakespeare
A prize-winning playwright:
4 times won the Pulitzer Prize (1920; 1922; 1928; 1957)
and one time won the Nobel Prize (1936)
Beyond the Horizon <天边外>--the Pulitzer Prize in 1920
(reality destroy people’s ideal life)