be inversely proportional to  成反比
 The insulation resistance of a cable is inversely proportional to its length.   电缆的绝缘电阻与它的长度成反比。



common  共同的，公共的，公有的
 Our common problems can be solved by these methods. 用这些方法可以解决我们共同的问题。



 
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二 Basic Concepts in Mechanics 2
   Mechanics deals with two kinds of quantities: scalars and vectors. Scalar quantities are those with which a magnitude alone is associated. Examples of scalar quantities in mechanics are time, volume, density, speed, energy, and mass. Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude. Examples of vectors are displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, moment, and momentum.
 
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之二  Words Learning
associate 使发生联系，使联合，与…有关 ( 相关词汇deal with, involve )
 Detonation in a cylinder is associated with accelerated flame speeds.  气缸中的爆燃与火焰速度加快有关。



dissociate 使分离，分裂
 Some molecules dissociate into simpler molecules when they are heated.  有些分子受热时便分离为较简单的分子。



possess 具有，掌握，支配
 This new material possess the property of super conduction. 这种新材料具有超导性



 


机械工程专业英语  第三课
 
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸 Skills of Translation –acceptation development
 二 、词义的引伸
  当英语句子中的某个词按词典的释义直接译出不能符合汉语的修辞习惯或语言规范时，则可以在不脱离该英语词本义的前提下灵活选择恰当的汉语词或词组译出。这种翻译处理方法叫做引伸译法。引伸的目的在于避免由于直译而造成的生硬或离意。引伸的词义应该在意义上与原基本词义相关联，避免歪曲原意 。
1. 使基本词义专业化：在专业性文章中，某些生活常用基本词汇已含有专业概念，可根据专业而引伸出词义。
- The independent chuck has four jaws, while the universal chuck has only three.
 分动卡盘有四个爪，而万能卡盘只有三个。
 independent  独立的－引伸为专业词义分动的
 
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸 Skills of Translation –acceptation development
- The power dissipated by the filament literally boils electrons from the surface of the filament.
 灯丝所消耗的功率完全用于从灯丝表面发射电子。
（literally –确实地、简直是，引伸为-完全；boil-沸腾, 引伸为-发射）
- This load is resisted by the tangential stress acting uniformly over the stressed area.
这个载荷由切向应力所平衡，而切向应力则均匀分布在应力作用面积上。
（resist- 抵抗，反抗，阻止，引伸为-平衡）
 
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸 Skills of Translation –acceptation development
2. 使基本词义明确化 ：当基本词义在该句中意义含糊或比较费解时，应使其明确化。这时可采用解释性语言。
- Bronze was a better material for many purposes than either of the two metals that composed it.
在许多用途方面，青铜要比构成青铜的锡和铜更好。
（将 “two metals” 明确译为“锡和铜”）
- Note, therefore, that when we calibrate the scale to read in ohms, these calibrations go backward.
因此要注意，当我们把刻度刻成欧姆读数时，这些刻度是从大到小的。 
(these calibrations go backward 若译为“这些刻度是向后的”, 就令人费解了。因此backward 在句中应引伸为“从大到小”)
 
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸 Skills of Translation –acceptation development
3. 使基本词义具体化：英语中有的词意思很笼统，很概括。例如：“good”表示“好”，用得极其广泛，但具体“好”在哪里呢？我们应根据具体情况翻译，使语意更加清晰。
- A good example of a case where electricity is changed to power is the electric streetcar.
电变为动力的典型例子是电车。
- Rivers provide good sources of hydro-power.
河流提供丰富的水力资源。
- The workers gave the machine a good checking.
工人们对机器进行了彻底的检查。
 
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸 Skills of Translation –acceptation development
- It has long been thought of making good use of the sun’s energy to serve the human being.
人们早就设想过充分利用太阳能来为人类造福。
- Good switches move quickly.
优质开关通断灵活。
- Laser possesses a series of remarkable properties, which make it a better light source in a number of cases.
激光有许多显著的特性，这些特性使它在许多情况下成为一种更理想的光源。
- That engine sounds good.  
那台发动机听起来很正常。
 
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸 Skills of Translation –acceptation development
- A good translator can do perhaps 2000 to 3000 words a day.
一个熟练的翻译人员一天也许能译两千到三千个词。
- The tungsten shines and gives a good light.
钨丝发亮而发射出耀眼的光芒。
- Engineers try to reduce friction as much as possible by good design.
工程师们试图通过完美的设计来尽可能地减少摩擦。
- The car in front of me suddenly stopped and I missed the green.
我前面的那辆车突然停了，我错过了绿灯。
 
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸 Skills of Translation –acceptation development
4. 使基本词意抽象化：英语中，有的词意思很具体，但在某些场合，它已经失去原来的具体词义而表示较抽象较笼统的意思，或者被借用来表示另一方面的意思。
- At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant.
目前，煤是蒸汽动力厂的最常用的能源。
- An electric power station is a factory in which energy is converted from one form or another into electrical energy.
电站是把一种能或另一种能转变成电能的地方。
-The character of these people is a mixture of the tiger and ape.
这些人的性格既残暴，又狡猾。
- Everyone has rain and sunshine in their life.
每个人的生活中都有甜有苦。
 
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸 Skills of Translation –acceptation development
5. 名词的引伸
- Very often a machine is made in different pieces.
一台机器通常由许多不同的零件组成。（块、片、个）
- Obviously there is much room for improvement in the design. 
显然，设计还大有改进的余地。（许多地方）
6. 动词的引伸
- From the district substations the cables run under the pavements to each house and shop. 
电缆从区域变电站沿人行道下方铺设至每栋房屋和商店。（跑）
 
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸 Skills of Translation –acceptation development
- The workpiece is chucked quickly, because the three jaws move in together. （向内运动）
工件迅速卡紧，因为三爪同时收拢。
7. 形容词的引伸
- Atoms are much too small to be seen even through the most powerful microscope.  （最强的、最大功率的）
甚至通过最高放大倍数的显微镜，原子也小得看不见。
- One of the remarkable things about it is that the electromagnetic waves can move through great distance.
这里，引人注目的一点是，电磁波可以传播到很远的地方去。（卓越的；  大的）
 
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸 Skills of Translation –acceptation development
8. 副词的引伸
- People who work a great deal with electricity are continually dealing with the measurement of electricity in watts.
成天同电打交道的人们经常用瓦特(单位)来测量电。
- The thicker the wire, the more freely it will carry current.
导线越粗，导电就越容易。
9. 词组的引伸
- This current which flows first in one direction and then in the other is called an alternating current.
方向交替变化的电流叫做交流电。
翻译的基本方法 – 词义的引伸 Skills of Translation –acceptation development
-We see that the surface is covered with tiny hills and valleys.
我们看到该表面布满了微小的凸凹不平之处。 (丘陵和溪谷)  
- The primary and secondary windings are placed one over the other on the center arm of the core.
初级线圈和次级线圈互相重叠地绕在铁芯的中央臂上。（一个在另一个之上）
- Semiconductors are materials that lie midway between insulators and conductors in their ability to pass an electric current.
半导体是一种其通过电流的能力介于绝缘体和导体之间的材料。（lie midway 躺在半路上）
 
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三 Fasteners and Springs 1
 Fasteners are devices which permit one part to be joined to a second part and, hence, they are involved in almost all designs. The acceptability of any product depends not only on the selected components, but also on the means by which they are fastened together. The principal purposes of fasteners are to provide the following design features:
(1) Disassembly for inspection and repair;
(2) Modular design where a product consists of a number of subassemblies. Modular design aids manufacturing as well as transportation.
 
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之三  Words Learning
Fasten （ Fastener）
1.普通词义：集中，系紧, (扣件,钮扣)
All eyes fastened on the speaker.所有的眼光都集中在演讲者身上
Belt fastener   皮带扣, paper fastener   书钉
2.专业词义：紧固，栓紧（紧固件,）
The bolt, nut, cotter pin and rivet are all common fastener.
螺栓、螺母、开口销及铆钉都是常用紧固件。
spring fastener 弹簧扣, clamp fastener 夹持器
acceptability  可接受性, 合格, 满意(度)
The acceptability of a new machine lies on its function and easy operation. 
新机器的可接受性取决于它的功能和可操作性。