30. A pidgin typically lacks in i_______ morphemes.
31. Linguistic taboo reflects s_________ taboo.
32.  The avoidance of using taboo language mirrors social attitudes, emotions and value judgments and has no l_________ basis.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
33. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities.
    A. Psycholinguistics                  B. Sociolinguistics
    C. Historical linguistics               D. General linguistics
34. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.
   A. use of words                      B. use of structures
   C. accent                           D. morphemes
35. ____ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.
   A. Regional variation                 B. Language variation
   C. Social variation                   D. Register variation
36. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.
            A. Geographical barriers
   B. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speech
            C. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to change
            D. Social barriers
37. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the gov-ernment choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.
   A. Language interference                 B. Language changes
   C. Language planning                    D. Language transfer
38. _________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.
   A. Regional variation                   B. Changes in emotions
   C. Variation in connotations              D. Stylistic variation
39. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of com-munication among groups of people for diverse linguistic back-grounds .
   A. lingua franca                      B. register
   C. Creole                           D. national language
40. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.
   A. vernacular languages               B. creoles
   C. pidgins                          D. sociolects
41. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social back-ground.
  A. female; male                       B. male; female
  C. old; young                         D. young; old
42.   A linguistic ____ refers to a word or expression that is prohibit-ed by the "polite" society from general use.
  A. slang                        B. euphemism
  C. jargon                       D. taboo
IV. Define the following terms:
43. sociolinguistics           44. speech community    
45. speech variety            46. language planning      
47. idiolect                  48. standard language
49. nonstandard language      50. lingua franca   
51. pidgin                  52. Creole
53. diglossia                54. Bilingualism       
55. ethnic dialect            56. Sociolect               
57. register                 58. slang
59. taboo                  60. euphemism
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
61. Discuss with examples that the speech of women may differ from the speech of men.
62. Discuss with examples some of the linguistic differences between Standard English and Black English.
63. What is a linguistic taboo? What effect does it have on our use of language?

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
  l.F    2.F     3.T    4.T    5.T    6.F    7.F    8.F    9.F   10.F
11. F   12. T   13. F   14. F   15.F   16. T  17. F   18. F   19. T  20. F
II. Fill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter given:
21. community 22. variety  23. dialectal  24.planning  25. sociolects
26. Stylistic  27. official  28. superposed  29. vernacular
30. inflectional  31. social   32. linguistic
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
33. B  34. C   35. A.   36. A.  37. C  38.D  39.A  40. C  41. A  42. D
IV. Define the following terms:
43.  sociolinguistics: Sociolinguistics is the study of language in social contexts.
44.  speech community: The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community or a speech community is a group of people who form a community and share the same language or a particular variety of language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way, interact lin-guistically with other members of the community. They may share closely re-lated language varieties, as well as attitudes toward linguistic norms.
45.  speech variety: Speech variety, also known as language variety, refers to any distin-guishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. The dis-tinctive characteristics of a speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or a combination of linguistic features.
46.  language planning: language standardization is known as lan-guage planning. This means that certain authorities, such as the government or government agency of a country, choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across regional boundaries.
47.  Idiolect: An idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that com-bines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and stylistic variation, in one form or another. In a narrower sense, what makes up one’s idiolect includes also such factors as voice quality, pitch and speech rhythm, which all contribute to the identifying features in an individual' s speech.
48.  standard language : The standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, in-cluding school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or second language.