Word Study
1. subordinate vt. 使屈从于：1) She constantly subordinated her own wishes to the children’s welfare. (她总是使自己的愿望屈从于孩子们的康乐。) 2) He subordinated his personal needs to his political interests. (他使他的个人需要屈从于他的政治利益。)
subordinate adj. 地位较低的，从属于：1) In the army a captain is subordinate to a major. (在军队中大尉比少校地位低。)2)This is our main aim: all the other aims are subordinate to the main problem. (这是我们的主要目标，所有其他目标都从属于这个主要问题。)
subordinate n. 下属：1) He treated his subordinates like slaves. (他对待他的下属就像对待奴隶一样。) 2) The surgeon asked his subordinates to make notes on the patient’s medical history. (外科医生要他的下属记录病人的病历。)
subordination n. 从属，从属地位：economic subordination经济上的从属地位。
2. subscribe vt. 捐赠，认购；签（名）：1) Two local businessmen have subscribed large sums to the rebuilding fund. (两位当地商人已为重建基金捐赠大笔款项。) 2) Each member subscribed ten dollars for the charity. (每个会员给慈善机构捐10美元。) 3) They subscribed their names to the protest about low wages. (他们签名抗议低工资。)
用于成语：subscribe to 捐款；订阅；赞同，支持：1) We all subscribed to the football club. (我们都给足球俱乐部捐款。) 2) He subscribed to a number of journals concerned with his subject. (他订阅了若干本与他的课题有关的期刊。) 3) I don’t subscribe to the idea that money brings happiness. (我不赞同金钱带来幸福的观念。)
同根词：subscriber n. 订户，用户。subscription n. 捐赠，订费：We paid our subscription yearly.
3. submit vt. 提交；听从，顺从；投降，屈服；声明（法律用语）：1) You must submit your request to the committee.（你必须把你的请求提交给委员会。） 2) The old woman refused to submit to surgery. (这位老太太不肯做外科手术。) 3) After being defeated they submitted to the enemy. (被打败以后他们向敌人投降了。) 4) I submit that the witness is lying. (我声明，证人在撒谎。)
同根词：submission n. 交上；屈服；顺从，投降，看法（法律用语）。submissive adj. 顺从的：Maria is not a submissive wife. submissiveness n. 顺从性。
4. assume, consume, presume, resume的词义与用法区别：
assume vt. 认为，假定；装出…样子；开始担任，承担（职务、任务等）：1) We assumed that you understood the situation. (我们认为，你了解形势。) 2) He assumed a well-informed manner but in fact he knows very little. (他装出一副见多识广的样子，而实际上他知之甚少。) 3）You will assume your new duties tomorrow. (你明天将开始担任新的任务。) 4）The prince assumed power when he was only fifteen. (王子掌权时只有15岁。)
同根词：assumption假定，设想；担任（职务）；装出…样子：1) His assumption proved to be wrong. (他的假定证明是错误的。) 2) His assumption of power is not liked by many. （许多人并不喜欢他掌权。） 3) He appeared with an assumption of authority. (他带着一副权威的样子出现。) assumed adj. 假装的，假的：He lived under an assumed name. (他使用假名活着。)
consume vt. 消费，吃掉；烧掉：1)An automobile consumes gasoline. (汽车消费汽油。) 2) This is time-consuming work. 3) Fire consumed the whole house. (火把房子烧了。)
用于成语：be consumed with 充满某种感情：He was consumed with envy. (他充满妒忌心。)
同根词：consumer 消费者，用户。consumption n. 消耗；消耗量。
presume vt. 揣想，认为，估计；竟敢冒昧（做某事）：1) I presume that you will be at the meeting. 2) She presumed to write to him in his daughter’s name. (她竟敢冒昧地以他女儿的名字给他写信。) 3) I won’t presume to disturb you.（我不敢冒昧地打扰你。）
同根词：presumption n. 假定；大胆，冒昧，放肆：1) As his mouth was sticky, the presumption was that he had eaten the cake.(由于他的嘴发粘，可以假定，他刚把这个蛋糕吃了。) 2) It took a great deal of presumption to insult the ambassador at his own party. (在他自己的聚会上污辱大使是要有很大胆量的。)
presumptuous adj. 大胆的，傲慢的：It was presumptuous for the young senator to challenge the leadership so soon. (这位年轻参议员那么快就向领导挑战是十分大胆的。) presumably 大概，或许：Presumably there’s a good reason for her absence, as she doesn’t usually stay away from work. (很可能她有充分理由缺席，因为她通常不在工作的地方。) presumptive a. 假定的，依据推定的。
resume vt. （停顿以后）继续（进行某项活动）vt. vi. 1) Directly after, they resumed their journey. (接着，他们又继续他们的行程。) 2) We’ll stop now and resume working at 2 o’clock. (我们现在停下来，二点继续开始工作。)
同根词：resumption 重新开始：We all hate the resumption of work after a holiday. resume n. 简历。
Text 2
American federalism has been described as a neat mechanical theory. The national government was said to be sovereign in certain areas of governmental concern, such as the regulation of interstate commerce. State governments were said to be sovereign in certain other areas, such as regulation of intrastate commerce and exercise of the police power. One writer has described this as the 'layer cake' concept of American federalism. In the top layer are neatly compacted all the powers of the national government; in the bottom layer are found the separate and distinct functions and powers of state governments.
How nice it would be if the American federal system could be so easily and conveniently analyzed. But Professor Martin Grodzings of the University of Chicago has gone on to describe federalism in practice as more like a marble cake, with an intermingling of functions, than like a layer cake, with functions separate and distinct. This intermingling can be seen best, perhaps, by examining the example of railroad traffic. If it crosses a state line, it constitutes interstate commerce, coming under control of the national government. Rail shipments originating and ending within a single state constitute intrastate commerce, thus --the theory tells us -- falling under regulation of state government. However, both the interstate and intrastate shipments may have moved over the same rails. In this simple example, one might easily read the urgent necessity for close cooperation between state and national governments. This need has not gone unrecognized by administrators of governmental programs at the state, local, and national levels.
Nonetheless, national and state interests often conflict in the political arena. Pressures may be brought to bear on state legislators which differ from those felt by members of the national Congress. Disagreement over the proper division of powers between states and the national government often lies beneath a conflict of interests. But no 'best' formula has been discovered for drawing a dividing line between state powers and national powers.
The men who wrote the United States Constitution did the best they could in the face of circumstances which confronted them at the time. The state-national power dispute has raged persistently ever since. What are "states' rights"? It is obvious that, throughout the United States' history, "states' rights" has risen repeatedly as the anguished wail of any interest which felt it was being treated unsympathetically at a given moment by the national government. The source of the cry would seem to depend on whose ox is being gored. (418 words)
Notes: federalism 联邦制度；sovereign adj. 拥有主权的；至高无尚的；bear on… 影响…；legislators 立法委员；anguished wail痛苦的哀鸣；gore vt. 用角顶。
1. Federalism could best be described as ____________.
A. a system that reconciles central government with states’ ones
B. a system that provides for continuous checks on federal authority
C. a system in which the state and federal governments have distinct functions
D. dividing the powers of the federal government into three distinct branches of government
2. The author implies in the second paragraph that modern federalism _________.
A. has a new way to limit the states' powers
B. has not recognized the legal demand for states' rights
C. is best explained as a system with diffused functions
D. can be classified as a distinct two-tier(层) system of government control
3. In the author's point of view, the basic problem in establishing clear guidelines related to interstate commerce would be that __________.
A. as the power of the federal government increases, the power of the states decreases
B. the rapid growth of transportation networks has undermined federal authority
C. federal authorities have abused their constitutional power to regulate commerce
D. state and national governments have not effectively cooperated in defining their areas of control
4. According to the text, since there is no clear-cut formula for dividing state and national powers, _________.
A. the role of the state has not been significantly altered
B. conflicting interests have to be resolved in the political arena
C. interstate cooperation is primarily a thing of the past
D. state governments delegate certain functions to the federal government
5. A major factor weighing heavily against federal-state cooperation would be ___________.
A. conflicting economic interests B. national railway transportation
C. the rapid growth of state powers D. the integration of political powers
