repugnant /rɪˈpʌgnənt/ adj. 引起厌恶或反感的；讨厌的或可憎的；不一致的

obstetric /ɒbˈstetrɪk/ adj. 产科的

stringent /ˈstrɪndʒənt/ adj. 严厉的，迫切的，银根紧的

onerous /ˈɒnərəs,ˈəʊnərəs/ adj. 繁重的，费力的；负有法律责任的

bottom line结果，结局，最后结果或声明





难句突破


Even so, concern over potential risks is why the Food and Drug Administration created a stringent approval process for such research in 2001——a process that Grifo found so onerous that he stopped working on the technique and gave it to the researchers in China, where it was subsequently banned (but only this month, long after Zhuang's patient became pregnant）.

主体句式：Concern over potential risks is why …

结构分析：“a process”在句子中是同位语成分；其后又跟了一个that引导的定语从句；在that引导的定语从句中又使用了“so… that”句式和where引导的定语从句。

句子译文：尽管如此，由于担心潜在的危险，美国食品药物管理局2001年就类似研究制定了较为严格的批准程序——这套程序令葛瑞佛觉得过于烦琐而终止了这一技术的研究工作，并将其转交给了中国研究人员。这项研究工作后来在中国也被禁止（本月刚刚被禁，这是发生在庄的病人怀孕以后很久的事了）。





题目分析


1. C 推理题。本题的关键在于对“depending on whom you ask”的理解。对于不同的人来说，他们对实验的反应也不相同。

2. A 推理题。原文对应信息在倒数第二段末尾：“critics have suggested that cloning and nuclear transfer are equally risky for humans”。文中提到的多莉羊和一名中国孕妇分别是为了进一步具体说明克隆和细胞核移植技术及其存在的一些危险。

3. B 情感态度题。原文对应信息在文章末尾：“… an assertion Zhuang rejects”。reject这个词比较正式，表达较强的感情色彩。

4. D 细节题。原文对应信息在第三段第二句：“The only significant difference is that with cloning, the inserted nucleus comes from a single, usually adult, cell, and the resulting offspring is genetically identical to the parent. ”

5. C 主旨题。克隆技术的研究，从研究角度来说无可厚非，但从伦理学角度来说争议很大。





参考译文


上周在得克萨斯医学会议上宣布了一项实验。对于不同的人，实验的意义也不相同。对于不孕妇女来说这是一种潜在的突破；对某些人来说这是一种悲剧性的失败，或者是朝人类无性繁殖的噩梦般的境地又迈出了危险的一步。

这些观点都有各自的道理。中国医生采用一种新技术帮助一位农妇怀孕，其目的很明显是治疗不孕症。与一些不孕妇女不同的是，这位三十岁的病人可以排出健康的卵细胞，并且那些卵细胞可以跟精子结合成受精卵。但是这些卵细胞却不能正常发育，其原因主要是受精核外部的部分卵细胞有缺陷。因此，使用纽约大学詹姆士·葛瑞佛博士和广东中山医科大学庄广伦博士发明的技术，可以把病人的受精卵取出来，然后提取带有染色体的核物质，并把它放入已经去除核子的别人捐赠的卵细胞内。在这种更为有利的环境中，细胞可以正常发育。这位妇女怀上了三胞胎，胎儿携带着她和她丈夫两人的DNA——这跟其他正常的婴儿没什么大的差别。

令一些医生和伦理学家感到不安的是，这项所谓的细胞核移植技术被用于克隆，多莉羊就是这一技术最开始的产物。其中最大的不同之处仅在于在克隆过程中，嵌入的细胞核来自单细胞，通常又是成熟的细胞。从遗传上来说，这样产生的后代同母体是一样的。把这种实验用于人类，从伦理学的角度来说，很多人都反对。此外，我们还有些问题仍没有搞清楚其原因，如克隆动物经常会自动流产，或者具有天生缺陷。多莉尽管看起来很健康，但是她很早就死了。因为那位中国妇女早产下双胞胎，并且都未能保住性命（为了提高其他两个胎儿的存活几率，第三个胎儿早就被做掉了），所以评论家认为克隆和细胞核移植对于人类来说都是同等危险的。

葛瑞佛认为事情并不一定是这样。“产科出现这样的后果真是一场灾难，”他承认说，“但是从染色体来看，这些胚胎都是正常的。我们没有证据显示这跟移植过程有任何关系。”尽管如此，由于担心潜在的危险，美国食品药物管理局2001年就类似研究制定了较为严格的批准程序——这套程序令葛瑞佛觉得过于烦琐而终止了这一技术的研究工作，并将其转交给了中国研究人员。这项研究工作后来在中国也被禁（本月刚刚被禁止，这是发生在庄的病人怀孕后很久以后的事了）。

评论家认为，尽管是出于其他目的而进行研究的，但是研究成果进一步完善以后可能会用做人类克隆的技术，这就是个坏主意——这项声明是庄博士极力反对的。“我赞同控制这些实验确实有一定的意义，”他说，“但是我们已经发明了这项可以帮助人的有效的技术。我们知道该如何使用，也需要它。”





Unit 94


I had two routine checkups last week, and both the eye doctor and the dentist asked me to update my health history for their records. Their requests made sense. Health-care providers should know what problems their patients have had and what medications they're taking to be on the lookout for potential trouble or complications.

On each history, however, the section labeled FAMILY HEALTH HISTORY gave me pause. Few diseases are purely genetic, but plenty have genetic components. If my father suffered from elevated LDL, or bad cholesterol, my doctor should know that, because I'm probably at higher risk. If my mother had breast cancer, my sister (if I had one) would want her physician to be especially vigilant.

While I know something about the history of my parents' health——my father had prostate cancer at a relatively young age and suffered from macular degeneration and Parkinson's disease, and my mother died of lung cancer——there's plenty I don't know. What were my parents' cholesterol numbers and blood pressures? I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes, but I can't swear to that. And when it comes to my grandparents, whose genes I also have, I'm even more in the dark.

That makes me fairly typical. According to Dr. Richard Carmona, the U. S. Surgeon General, only about a third of Americans have even tried to put together a family-health history. That's why he has launched the Family History Initiative and declared Thanksgiving National Family History Day. Sitting around the turkey talking about cancer and heart disease may seem like a grim thing to do when you're supposed to be giving thanks for everything that's going right. But since many families will be gathering for the holiday anyway, it's a perfect time to create a medical family tree.

And the Surgeon General is making it easy: if you go to hhs.gov/familyhistory, you can use the Frequently Asked Questions link to find out which diseases tend to run in families, which ones you should be most and least worried about, and what to do if, like me, your parents and grandparents have passed away. You can also download a free piece of software called My Family Health Portrait, which helps you organize the information. The program prints that out in an easy-to-read form you can give to your doctors.

The website insists the software is “fun,”but that may be going a bit far. In any case, it's available only for Windows machines, so Mac users and people without computers have to use a printed version of the tree. It's worth it, though, since it could help save your life or the life of your children someday.

注（1）：本文选自Time；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象为2005年真题Text 1。

1. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by______.

A) posing a contrast

B) justifying an assumption

C) explaining a phenomenon

D) making a comparison

2. The statement “I assume I would have known if either suffered from diabetes”（Line 4, Paragraph 3) implies that______.

A) only one of them suffered from diabetes

B) neither of them suffered from diabetes

C) both of them suffered from diabetes

D) it's uncertain whether they suffered from diabetes or not

3. Family health report is very important because______.

A) you can be careful about some diseases and keep fit

B) you are connected with your parents and your grandparents

C) many diseases are genetic and should be noticed

D) you should be considerate and care about your parents

4. Dr. Richard Carmona suggests that______.

A) you should present your doctor with a medical history

B) you should print out your family's medical history

C) you should gather your family's medical history

D) you should give thanks for everything that is going right

5. What can we infer from the last paragraph?

A) The software is fun enough.

B) Family medical tree shouldn't be neglected.

C) The software is not available anywhere.

D) It is worthwhile to draw a family tree.





篇章剖析


本文采用提出问题——分析问题——解决问题的模式，指出建立家庭医疗健康记录的重要性和必要性。第一段指出通常要求就医的人提供最新的健康记录；第二段指出了解家庭健康史的重要性；第三段指出作者在这方面的欠缺；第四段指出美国公共卫生部部长倡议收集家庭医疗信息的初衷；第五段指出一些简单易行的办法；第六段指出这一做法的意义。





词汇注释


medication /medɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 药物治疗，药物

on the lookout for寻找，注意，警戒

complication /kɒmplɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ n. 【医】并发症

LDL 【生】低密度脂蛋白

cholesterol /kəˈlestərɒl/ n. 胆固醇

vigilant /ˈvɪdʒɪlənt/ adj. 警惕着的，警醒的

prostate /ˈprɒsteɪt/ adj. 前列腺的n. 前列腺

macular degeneration黄斑变性

Parkinson's /ˈpɑːkins(ə)nz/ disease 【医】帕金森氏症，震颤性麻痹

grim /grɪm/ adj. 不愉快的，讨厌的

family tree系谱，系谱图，族谱，族谱图

download /daunˈləʊd/ v. 下载





难句突破


While I know something about the history of my parents' health——my father had prostate cancer at a relatively young age and suffered from macular degeneration and Parkinson's disease, and my mother died of lung cancer——there's plenty I don't know.

主体句式：While I know … , there's plenty I don't know.

结构分析：“while”在此句中表让步，意为“虽然；尽管”；引导的从句应位于主句“there's plenty I don't know”之前。破折号之间的部分是“the history of my parents' health”的同位语，旨在给出详细信息。

句子译文：虽然我了解一些有关我父母的健康状况——父亲很年轻的时候得了前列腺癌，并且还得了黄斑变性和帕金森氏症；母亲死于肺癌——但是还有很多我不了解的。





题目分析


1. C 论证方式题。文章以阐述自己的经历入手引出论题。

2. D 语义题。做好本题的关键是对“swear to”这一短语的理解。“swear to sth.”意为“断定，确信某事”，句子译文为“如果他们俩有人得了糖尿病的话，我想我可能会知道，但我也不敢保证。”作者表达的意思是他对父母是否患糖尿病并无十分把握。

3. A 细节题。原文对应信息在第二段“If my father suffered from elevated LDL, or bad cholesterol, my doctor should know that, because I'm probably at higher risk. If my mother had breast cancer, my sister (if I had one) would want her physician to be especially vigilant. ”

4. C 推理题。原文对应信息是“That's why he has launched the Family History Initiative and declared Thanksgiving National Family History Day.”从文中可知了解家族医学病史非常重要，但在美国却只有三分之一的家庭试图做此记录。这就是他为什么发起家族历史倡议并宣布感恩节为全国家庭历史纪念日的原因。

5. B 推理题。原文对应信息是“It's worth it, though, since it could help save your life or the life of your children someday. ”





参考译文


上周，我做了两项常规体检，体检的眼科医生和牙医让我为他们写的病历提供新的健康记录。他们的要求是有道理的。保健服务人员确实应该知道他们的病人得过什么病，还在服用别的什么药。这样做的目的是为了预防潜在的病症或者是并发症。

然而，在每一项记录中，唯独“家族健康史”这一栏让我感到踌躇。尽管没有哪种疾病完全是遗传的，但是很多疾病都有遗传的因素。如果我的父亲患过低密度脂蛋白升高或是胆固醇不好这样的病的话，我的医生应该知道这些情况，因为我患此病的可能性较高。如果我的母亲曾患过乳腺癌的话，我的姐姐（如果我有一个姐姐的话）会让医生格外留心她这方面的问题。

虽然我了解一些有关我父母的健康状况——父亲很年轻的时候就得了前列腺癌，并且还得了黄斑变性和帕金森氏症；母亲死于肺癌——但是还有很多我不了解的。我父母的胆固醇指数和血压是多少？如果他们俩有人得了糖尿病的话，我想我可能会知道，但也不敢保证。我身上也有我祖父母的基因，有关他们的健康情况，我就更是一无所知了。

我的这些情况都是相当典型的。据美国公共卫生部部长理查德·卡莫纳博士所说，只有三分之一的美国人试图整理他们的家族健康记录。这就是他为什么发起家族历史倡议并宣布感恩节为全国家庭历史纪念日的原因。围坐在火鸡旁，本应该去感谢所有一切顺利的事情，但现在却要谈论癌症、心脏病什么的，这真令人生厌。然而，由于许多家庭都会设法聚在一起过节日，所以这真的是谱写家族医学病史的绝好时机。

这位公共卫生部部长简化了操作程序：登录网站hhs. gov/familyhistory，使用Frequently Asked Questions（常见问题）这一链接来寻找以下信息：哪些疾病容易在家族里传播；哪些疾病最应该担心，哪些最不用担心；像我这样，如果父母和祖父母都已去世了，该怎么办。同时，用户还能免费下载一个叫做“我的家族健康描述”这样的软件。它能够帮助整理信息，并以简单易读的形式把这些信息打印出来，以便提供给你的医生。

这个网址强调这个软件具有“趣味性”，但它的作用不止于此。不管怎么样，这个软件只适用于装有Windows的机器。因此Mac用户和没有电脑的人只能使用打印样本。但这还是值得去做的，因为将来某一天这可能会挽救你自己或者是你的孩子的生命。





第8章 学科类



Unit 95


Neither Oliver Williamson of the University of California at Berkeley nor Elinor Ostrom of Indiana University at Bloomington was widely tipped to win this year's Nobel Prize for economics. This may be because their work sits at the boundary of economics, law and political science, and tackles different questions to the ones that economists have traditionally studied. Mr. Williamson and Ms. Ostrom work independently of each other but both have contributed plenty to economists' understanding of which institutions——firms, markets, governments, or informal systems of social norms, for example——are best suited for conducting different types of economic transactions.

Ronald Coase, a British economist who won the Nobel Prize in 1991, argued that in some situations, and for some kinds of transactions, administrative decision-making within a single legal entity is more efficient than a straightforward market transaction. Mr. Coase's arguments were influential and convinced economists that the internal workings of organisations were worth paying attention to explicitly. But it was left to Mr. Williamson to refine Mr. Coase's theory and clarify what features of certain transactions made carrying them out more efficient within a firm rather than in the market.

Mr. Williamson showed that complex transactions involving investment decisions that are much more valuable within a relationship than to a third party are best done within a firm. Part of the problem, he argued, was that some economic transactions are so complicated, and involve so many things which could go wrong, that writing a legally enforceable contract that takes all possibilities into account is impossible. Simpler transactions are completed easily in markets; more complicated ones may demand firms. But in later work he also showed that organising matters within companies had costs: in particular, it relied on internal authority to get things done, and this could be abused.

Ms. Ostrom has concentrated on a different aspect of economic governance. She has spent her life studying how human societies manage common resources such as forests, rivers, pastures or wildlife. Just as with public goods, it is difficult to prevent people from using the commons. But unlike public goods, and like private ones, what one person takes leaves less for others. Economic theory then predicts that rational individuals will overuse these resources.

Economists have tended to emphasise property rights as a solution to the problem of managing common resources. But Ms. Ostrom spent much of her early career studying how communities managed such common resources. She found that groups of people tended to have complex sets of rules, norms and penalties to ensure that such resources were used sustainably. Such self-governance often worked well. Successful informal institutions, she found, have certain features in common, which sets them apart from institutions that fail. The principles of game theory, particularly the theory of repeated interactions, proved remarkably useful in formulating general principles of how common resources ought to be managed without necessarily resorting to private or state ownership.

Mr Williamson launched an entire branch of economic theorising which looks more deeply into firms than economists had tended to do previously. His theories have also helped with understanding the choice between equity and debt, and corporate finance more generally. Ms. Ostrom's research has spawned many experiments about how people interact strategically. Some of these have influenced game theory, which originally provided Ms. Ostrom with her analytical tools.

注（1）：本文选自Economist；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象：第1~ 5题分别模仿2002年真题Text 4第1、2、4题和Text 3第3、5题。

1. From the first paragraph we learn that______.

A) Oliver Williamson and Elinor Ostrom were not considered candidates for the Noble Prize in Economics

B) the research focus of Oliver Williamson and Elinor Ostrom touches upon a variety of fields

C) the works of Oliver Williamson and Elinor Ostrom are irrelevant to the study of economics

D) Elinor Ostrom is known as the first female winner of the Nobel Prize since its establishment

2. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?

A) Williamson and Ostrom's winning the prize mainly attributes to their cooperation in research.

B) Williamson has identified a series of factors which make the transactions in the market different from those within firms.

C) Both Williamson and Ostrom address the question of economic transactions.

D) It is commonly agreed among economists that transactions within firms tend to be more efficient.

3. Ostrom and Williamson's researches show that______.

A) it is universally true that complex transactions are more efficient in companies

B) to write a contract for complicated transactions is impossible

C) the prediction about rational individuals overusing common resources is incorrect