【英译汉】
　　But the real world eventually penetrates even the ivory tower．The failure of Marxism has prompted an opening of minds，and Darwinism is back with a vengeance--and a twist．Exactly how humanity became human is still a matter of debate．But there are，at least，some well—formed hypotheses．(1)What these hypotheses have in common is that they rely not on Spencer’s idea of individual competi— tion，but on social interaction．That interaction is，indeed，sometimes confrontational and occasionally bloody．But it is frequently collaborative，and even when it is not，it is more often manipulative than violent．
　　Modern Darwinism’s big breakthrough was the identification of the central role of trust in human evolution．People who are related collaborate on the basis of nepotism．(2)It takes outrageous profit or provocation for someone to do down a relative with whom they share a lot of genes．Trust，though， allows the unrelated to collaborate，by keeping score of who does what when，and punishing cheats．
　　Very few animals can manage this．Indeed，outside the primates，only vampire bats have been shown to trust non-relatives routinely．(3)(Well—fed bats will give some of the blood they have swallowed to hungry neighbours，but expect the favour to be returned when they are hungry and will deny favours to those who have cheated in the past．)(4)The human mind，however，seems to have evolved the trick of being able to identify a large number of individuals and to keep score of its relations with them，detecting the dishonest or greedy and taking vengeance，even at some cost to itself．This process may even be——as Matt Ridley，who wrote for this newspaper a century and a half after Spencer， described it—the origin of virtue,kaoshida．
　　The new social Darwinists(those who see society itself，rather than the savannah or the j ungle，as the“natural”environment in which humanity is evolving and to which natural selection responds)have not abandoned Spencer altogether，of course．But they have put a new spin on him．The ranking by wealth of which Spencer so approved is but one example of a wider tendency for people to try to out-do each other．And that competition，whether athletic，artistic or financial，does seem to be about genetic display．(5)Unfakeable demonstrations of a superiority that has at least some underlying genetic component are almost unfailingly attractive to the opposite sex．Thus both of the things needed to make an economy work，collaboration and competition，seem to have evolved under Charles Darwin’s penetrating gaze.[419 words]
　　超纲词汇
　　do down欺骗，击败，说…的坏话
　　ivory n．象牙
　　Nepotism n．偏袒，起用亲戚，裙带关系
　　Outrageous adj．蛮横的，残暴的，无耻的，令人不可容忍的
　　Provocation n．激怒，刺激，挑衅，挑拨
　　Savannah n．(南美)大草原
　　Vampire n．吸血鬼
　　Vengeance n．复仇，报仇
　　out—do vt．胜过，超过，战胜

　　【参考译文】
　　(1)这些假说的共同点在于它们不是依赖斯宾塞有关个体之问竞争的观点，而是依赖社会交往互动。
　　(2)为了无耻地获得利益或者为了挑衅，有的人欺骗与自己享有许多共同遗传基因的亲戚。不过，彼此信任使得没有杀戚关系的人相互合作，他们靠的是记住谁在什么时候做过什么事，并且惩罚欺骗行为，考试大。
　　(3)吸饱了血的蝙蝠会把自己吞下的血吐一些给饥饿的邻居吸，不过指望自己饥饿时能得到回报，决不会让那些过  去欺骗过自己的蝙蝠得到好处。
　　(4)但是，人的头脑似乎已经进化到很高级的程度，获得了诀窍，能够识别许多个体，而且能记住和他们的关系，去  察觉那些不诚实或贪婪的人，进行报复，甚至不惜自己付出代价。
　　(5)一个人的卓越才能至少受到某些潜在的遗传因素影响。真实地、毫无作假地表现自己的卓越才能对异性几乎  总有强大的吸引力。因此，使经济得以运转所需的因素中，合作和竞争这两大因素看来是在查尔斯·达尔文的  敏锐凝视中进化而来的。  
　　【句结构解析】
　　(1)[What these hypotheses have in common]is[that they rely not on Spencer’S idea of individual competition．But on social interaction]．
　　(2)It takes outrageous profit or provocation[for someone tO do down a relative(with whom they share a lot of  genes)]．Trust，though，allows the unrelated tO collaborate，by keeping score of who does what when．and  punishing cheats．
　　(3)Well—fed bats will give some of the blood[they have swallowed]to hungry neighbours．but expect the favour to be returned when they are hungry]and will deny favours to those[who have cheated in the past]．