4.上下义词的重复
这种重复指的是一个主概念被切割成几个子概念被分类论述，一个大的主题词被分类，主题词包含下面的分类词，并于下下面的分类词有共同的特征。句2的.Above the forest floor but below the canopy are one or more mid-story strata, made up of woody plants, such as large shrubs and midsized trees.中的热带雨林中间层包括很多不同种类的植物，包括woody plants, such as large shrubs(灌木丛) and midsized trees.中间层是上义词，而不同种类的植物是下义词。
5.代词的还原
代词分为人称代词，包括she, he, they; 也包括指示代词，this, that, those, these；不定代词包括 do(it/so, such/the same), the one当指代上文时，也作为不定代词出现。
6.下定义来解释关键词
对某个关键词通过下定义来解释，句4的green-foliaged canopy, the umbrella-shaped upper structure of trees，在解释canopy说的是伞状的雨林的高层。
二.正确答案往往是段落重复两次以上的话题词
上一节是告诉读者重复的方式，了解重复的方式是提高抓住重复的效率的重要方针。但考生不需要太过于机械化的查找重复，不需要只注意到重复的方式，方式只不过是语法意义上的词汇衔接手段，最重要的是内容，有些细节可能也在重复，但关键是看首句的话题，以及到底哪个话题是该段重复率最高的，到底哪个重复词在该段反复被细节所支持，这才是关键。这节有三十个训练，通过近十年真题的经典自然段的分析来掌握重复词，所谓熟能生巧，理论上的东西脱离实践是无源之水，无本之木。
所以在自然段中反复练习，才能对这个理论达到一种内化的境界，最后考生的感觉应该是主动，积极，愉快地查找重复词，并在做与该题相关的题时，牢牢抓住重复词来对答案进行去粗取精，排除答案是与出题者斗智斗勇的过程。
Exercise:(以下都是历年来段落重复的最完美体现，段落的重复是识别正确答案的武器)
1. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub millimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. (02年的passage2)
The word “gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means.
［A］ programs. ［B］ experts. ［C］ devices. ［D］ creatures.
解析：选择［B］。首句中的“gizmos”被后面分类论述，分别是工厂，银行，医院中的机器人。所以gizmos指的是机器人，意思是设备。
2.Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in the World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came to hand in the "great game” of espionage-----spying as a "profession." These days the Net, which has already re-made pastimes as buying books and sending mail, is reshaping Donovan's vocation as well. (03年passage 1)
The emergence of the Net has
. received support from fans like Donovan.
. remolded the intelligence services.
. restored many common pastimes.
. revived spying as a profession.
解析：internet-----net, espionage-----spying，re-made----reshaping---B. remolded，都是再说重新塑造。其中D的干扰性很大，文章谈到了间谍，但是恢复间谍服务和原文的重新塑造间谍服务的意思有很大的差距。
