精品译文：这个电脑程序如何使用我已跟你讲了五遍，可是你却一再犯同样的错误。

3．have killed。这里have killed表示重复活动，因为火灾造成的死亡人数不是一次完成的，而是多次火灾导致众多死亡的累积。

精品译文：根据统计显示，今年第一季度全国发生火灾36,832起，死亡971人，伤1,228人，造成直接经济损失3.1亿元。

4．has nearly killed。have killed表示重复活动，并且具体说出重复四次。

5．has released，has produced，has been nominated，has won。这里的四个现在完成时都是表示重复活动。

6．have already bought。从这个对话语境中next month，我们知道exhibit还没有结束，是要持续到将来某个时间。不过，“买票buy”动作已经发生了，它的影响会一直持续到现在及未来直到exhibit结束，所以用了现在完成时态。如果这个展览结束了，就要用一般过去时态，比如说“I bought a ticket to see it”。

精品译文：A：十八世纪绘画展今天开幕了，这里有一篇关于它的报道文章你看了吗？

B：看过了，而且我还已经买了票准备下个月去看呢。

7．has been delayed。这里的“飞机延误”是已经发生了并且要持续到“将来”的四点钟，同样是与将来有联系，所以要用现在完成时态。

精品译文：A：刚刚通知说，这个航班要一直延误到四点钟。

B：真倒霉，那这两个小时我们怎么过呢？

8．have...had，have had。

精品译文：A：这个月到目前为止你面试过几次了？

B：这个月到目前为止我有过两次面试。

9．did...have，had。

精品译文：A：上个月你面试过几次了？

B：上个月我有四次面试。

10．starred。



Exercise 5.6.1

1．这个笑话英文讲述得很含蓄，只是借助上帝之母前后不同的电话回答：This is Virgin Mary/This is the Immaculate Mary（我是圣母玛利亚）与This is Mary（我是玛利亚），道出了风流倜傥的肯尼迪总统insatiable appetites for women的这一癖好，而没有露骨地提到一个“sex”。这里完成时态has President Kennedy arrived yet?其中arrived是一个短暂动作，其发生在过去，但这个过去短动作对现在有很大的影响：使圣洁的上帝之母由Virgin Mary变成了Mary。所以，他的同僚们最后还没等Mary回答，就直接put down the phone，然后断定“The President is in Heaven”。

2．这个故事最后一句：Someone has stolen our tent!这里完成时态表示一个短暂的过去事件（has stolen our tent），但这个过去事件对现在的影响很多，比如正是因为没了帐篷，所以华森才能“看到了无数颗星星”，以及下文中他一番长篇大论的“推断”。

精品译文：　　　　野营

一天，英国大侦探夏洛克·福尔摩斯和华森医生去野营。晚上一顿酒足饭饱之后，他们开始休息睡觉。过了几个小时，福尔摩斯用肘轻轻地碰了他忠实的朋友。

“华森，看看天空，然后告诉我你看到了什么。”

“我看到了无数颗星星，福尔摩斯。”华森答道。

“那么由此你可以推断出什么？”

华森想了想。

“嗯，从天文学角度来说，这告诉我那里有成百万个星系以及可能潜在的几十亿颗恒星；就占星术角度来说，我看到土星正位于狮子座；而从时间上推算，现在该是三点一刻了；从气象上来讲，我想明天会是一个好天气；就神学角度来说，我看到上帝是万能的，而我们只是宇宙中极微不足道的一分子。你有什么推断呢，福尔摩斯先生？”

福尔摩斯沉默了一会儿，然后说道，“华森，你这个笨蛋！有人偷走了我们的帐篷！”

3．这句话表示“他的腿跌断了”，对于这里现在完成时态has broken所产生的“现在影响”，我们可以想象为：Now he is still in hospital, so he can't go for an outing with his classmates（他现在还在住院，所以不能和同学们一起出去郊游）。如果说：He broke his leg（他腿摔断过），则单纯是叙述过去的一种经历，与现在无关，现在腿已好了。

4．happen动作发生在过去，短暂动作，对现在的影响是Jane在哭。

5．因为买到了便宜货，所以很高兴。买东西是在过去，但他现在高兴。



Exercise 5.6.2

这句话表明，对于现在完成时态所表示的过去短暂动作，有时候，具体到某一个句子，动作发生时间离现在的“远近”要看上下文。这里可以指“远的过去”，比如可以译成“你考过驾照吗？”；也可以指“近的过去”，即刚刚参加完考核之后有人这么问你，此时该句意思相当于“你驾照考试通过了吗？”。比如下列两句都可能回答这个提问：

Yes, I passed it when I was 17.

Yes, I passed it yesterday.



Exercise 5.6.3

1．has broken，did...happen，fell

2．has spilt，wasn't，didn't do，was



Exercise 5.6.4

1．A: Have you ever worked in a restaurant?

B: Yes. I've worked in many ones.

B: Yes. I worked in a French one last year.

2．A: Have you ever been to the Great Wall?

B: Yes. I've been there many times.

B: Yes. I went there last spring.

3．A: Have you read this book?

B: Yes. It was interesting.

4．A: Have you ever taken a French course?

B: Yes. I took a French course in high school.

5．A: Have you graduated from college?

B: Yes, I studied French for two years.

6．Have you ever lent money to a friend?

7．Have you ever been on television?

8．Have you ever met a famous person?

9．Have you ever broken an arm or leg?

10．Have you ever gone to court?

11．Have you ever found money on the street?

12．Have you ever been cheated?

13．Have you ever told a lie?

14．Have you ever taken a flight?

15．Have you ever been to Disneyland?

16．Have you ever studied abroad?

17．Have you ever order products over the Internet?

18．A: Have you ever worked as a security guard before?

A: How many years of experience have you had as a security guard?

A: Have you had experience monitoring alarm systems?

B: Yes. I have monitored several types of alarm systems in my previous job.

19．A: What jobs have you had?

B: Well, I once had a job on a cruise ship.

A: What did you have to do?

B: I organized activities for the passengers.

A: What did you like about it?

B: Well, working on a cruise ship was terrific. I really enjoyed...

A: Were there any bad points?

B: Oh, sure. Every job has its bad points. I didn't like...

20．Isabel: I went to Sunrise Beach last week. Have you ever been to Sunrise Beach, Andy?

Andy: Yes, I have. It's beautiful. Did you go there on the weekend?

Isabel: Yeah, I did. I went on Sunday. I got up at 4:00 a. m.

Andy: Wow! I've never woken up that early!

Isabel: Oh, it wasn't so bad. I got to the beach early to see the sun rise. Have you ever seen sunrise, Andy?

Andy: No, I haven't. I prefer sunsets to sunrises.

Isabel: Really? Then I went swimming around 6:00, but there were some strange dark shadows in the water. Have you ever heard of sharks at Sunrise Beach?

Andy: Yes, I have. I heard a news report about sharks last summer.

Isabel: Gee! Maybe I had a lucky escape on Sunday morning! Why don't you come with me next time?

Andy: Are you kidding?



Exercise 5.6.5

1．have never seen

2．'ve never seen

3．hasn't eaten

4．'ve never seen

5．'ve never seen

6．'ve never seen

7．hasn't been cleaned



Exercise 5.7

1．2．3．He has come here是“动作表达”，用于现在完成时态在意思上相当于“状态表达”的一般现在时，如：He is here。所以，这句话意思是“他来了”（人在这里）。

He has been here是“状态表达”，用于现在完成时态表示“曾经经历”，这句话意思是“他来过这里”（人现在不在这里）。

He has been here for three hours是“状态表达”，接有持续时间状语表示“延续”，意思是“他来这里有三个小时了”（人现在还在这里）。

4．Have...made

5．Do...have

6．Have...made

7．Do...have

8．通常认为此句错误。因为肯尼迪被刺杀已经是很久以前的事情了，不是刚刚发生，所以宜用一般过去时态（Kennedy was assassinated on 22 Nov. 1963）。这句话只有在一个极为特殊的语境中才正确，即表示“曾经经历”的语境：回顾历史上有多少位美国总统曾经是被暗杀的（People are discussing American presidents and recalling how many of them have been assassinated so far.），比如把这个句子放在下面这样的语境中：

Many American presidents have been assassinated. Let's see, Lincoln has, Kennedy has, Garfield has and Mckinley has. You know, I've recently read an online article that says their ill fates have to do with the curse by a cacique of some tribe. But I can't believe it. （许多美国总统都是遭暗杀身亡的。比如有林肯、肯尼迪、加菲尔德和麦金利。你知道吗，我最近看到网上一篇文章说，他们这些人的悲惨命运与某个部落的一位酋长的诅咒有关。但对此我并不相信）。所以，我们看到，这里用了Kennedy has（been assassinated）。

9．错误。因为“死亡”不具有重复性，人不能死而复活，这违背了现在完成时可重复性的特点。

10．错误。因为“衰老”不具有重复性，人不能返老还童，这违背了现在完成时可重复性的特点。

11．这句既可以理解成最近一次动作——“我被开除了”，也可以理解成曾经的经历——“我曾经被开除过”。歧义产生是因为这个句子的谓语be fired既可以作为动作，也可以作为状态。

12．这句既可以理解成最近一次动作——“我已经把车洗干净了”，也可以理解成曾经的经历——“我曾经洗过汽车”。歧义产生是因为这个句子的谓语clean既可以作为动作，也可以作为状态。



Exercise 5.8

1．'ve come

2．has knocked

3．'ve had

4．'ve ever read

5．'ve ever seen

6．'ve ever seen

7．This is the best wine I have ever drunk.

8．It is the worst book I have ever read.

9．This is the hardest job I have ever had.



Exercise 5.9

1．A：你不当老师有多久了？

B：你当老师有多久了？

2．A：我病好以来，他常常给我写信。

B：自从我生病以来，他常常给我写信。

3．三年来我都没有休过假。



Exercise 5.10.1

1．had just sat，heard，opened，saw

2．had just poured，rang，came，was，had drunk，thrown

3．called，had been held up

4．has...been，operated，had lost

5．arrived，had thanked

6．had lost

7．hadn't had

8．has fallen，hadn't stopped



Exercise 5.10

精品译文：　　　　爱的约会

在纽约地铁中心总站，咨询处上方的时钟指向了5点54分。年轻高大的陆军中尉抬起黝黑的脸庞，眯着眼睛看上面的时间。一颗心激动得怦怦直跳，6分钟后，他就要见到那个女人了——在过去的13个月里一直占据着他心灵某个特殊位置的女人。虽然他们素未谋面，但她的信却一直是他的精神支柱。

布兰福德中尉记得那天，战斗最艰苦的时刻，他的飞机被敌机重重包围。他曾在一封信里对她坦言，他经常会感到畏惧。就在战斗打响的前几天，他收到了她的回信：“你当然会畏惧……勇士们都会那样，下次在你不自信时我希望你能听到我为你朗诵的声音：‘啊，是的，尽管我要走过死亡之谷但我将勇往直前，因为你与我同在。’……”他记得，正是那封信使他重新振作。

此时，他就要听到她真实的声音了，还有4分钟就6点了。

一个女孩走近他，布兰福德中尉一惊。她戴着一朵花但不是他们约好的那种红色玫瑰。这女孩只有18岁左右，而霍丽丝·梅内尔告诉过他，她已30岁。“有什么关系呢，”他还回信说：“我32岁”，其实他只有29岁。

他又想到了在训练营时看过的一本书——《人性的枷锁》，书里有一个女人写的批注。他难以相信，一个女人竟能如此透彻地读懂男人的心。书签上有她的名字：霍丽丝·梅内尔。于是他找来一本纽约市电话簿，查到了地址，给她写信，并收到了回信。因为执行任务，第二天就坐船离开了，但他们仍然保持通信。

13个月里，她始终诚挚地给他回信，通常是他的信还未到，她的信就来了。因此，他深信，他们彼此深爱着。

然而，她拒绝送他照片，并解释说：“如果你真心对我，我的外表并不重要。如果我长得很漂亮，我会认为，你是爱我的外貌，那样会令我很反感。如果我长相平凡（你必须承认这个更有可能），就会担心，你和我通信，是因为内心孤独，无人倾诉。别向我要照片，你来纽约时就可以看到我了，可以在那时做出某些决定。”

还有1分钟就6点了……布兰福德猛抽了一口烟，心跳更加快了。

一位年轻的女士向他走来，她身材苗条，金黄的卷发拢在小巧的耳后，双唇红润，下巴精致，眼睛深蓝动人。她穿着淡绿的西装，浑身散发着春天的气息。

……

答案：略



综合练习

1．have taught，had taught，will have taught

2．will have spent

3．had already gone

4．went

5．went

6．had gone

7．broke

8．were driving，had broken

9．had written，had never replied

10．had just come

11．had never flown

12．get，will already have arrived

13．had been

14．has written

15．have taken

16．have ever done

17．will have read

18．has phoned

19．have lost

20．lost，have found

21．have been seen

22．will have risen

23．will have gone

24．thought，was，has shrunk

25．is snowing，have ever seen，doesn't snow

26．got，don't know，did，have been

27．Have...arrived，ordered.

28．Have...seen，was

29．meant，doesn't hold，will have forgotten

30．'ll drive，has already left

31．has qualified，has helped，has competed，had almost lost，assured

32．错误，应改为：I have been in the university for two years，或者用一般过去时态说成：I entered the university two years ago.

33．错误，应改为：He has been here for three hours.

34．错误，应改为：The old lady has been dead for ten years.

35．错误，应改为：He has been away from his native place for three years.

36．错误，应改为：I have been married for one year.

37．错误，应改为：He has been in the army for five years.

38．错误，应改为：I have been in Beijing for seven years.

39．Have you taken a flight before?

40．Have you skied from the top of the mountain before?

41．I've already had lunch.

42．Have you found a job yet?

43．I haven't finished yet.

44．I am afraid he has gone out.

45．这是完成时态表示延续事件。

46．这是单一事件的否定，相当于一个延续事件。

47．这是完成时态表示单一事件，这是远的过去单一事件，表示一个过去的经历。

48．这是完成时态表示单一事件，这是近的过去单一事件。

49．I've been in America for three months now. I've made many good friends, but all of them are boys. I wish I could get to know some girls.

50．Have you been on a diet? You're nothing but skin and bones.

51．China has always opposed terrorism in any form.

52．For the past few nights he has slept on the floor.

53．I don't think I've ever seen you in that sweater before. My grandmother made it for me years ago.

54．I thought you were going to read this book by today. I have.

55．I'd considered going to Tokyo or Singapore, but I've never regretted my decision.

56．Our basketball team's won every game so far.

57．I don't know how to solve this math problem. Every method that I've tried just leads to a dead end.

58．But it has won so many awards.

59．But we've invited him three times and he hasn't come once.

60．I've tried several times, but the line's been busy.

第六章　完成进行时态

Exercise 6.3

1．Have...been running

2．have...been doing

3．has been playing

4．have...been doing



Exercise 6.4

1．have been cleaning

2．have been writing

3．have been painting

4．have painted



Exercise 6.5

1．have been going

2．have been going

3．have been marrying，were，married

4．have been hearing

5．has been interviewing，has been asking，has talked

6．have been running，haven't been

7．have been calling

8．have been smoking

9．这里说话人A和B对其中的完成进行时态have been singing的含义有各自不同的理解。A说have been singing意思是表示一个“重复活动”，即自己是从两岁开始唱歌，一直唱到现在，但并不是时刻不停地唱，而是一个习惯性、重复性的活动。但B故意将have been singing理解为一个“延续活动”，从而制造幽默，因此他说“难怪你的嗓子哑掉了（因为你从两岁开始一直唱到现在）”。



Exercise 6.6

1．I jog every morning.

2．I've been jogging every morning for the last month.

3．They have been dating for three years now.

4．I have been coming to see him for ten years.



Exercise 6.7

1．have drunk

2．has gone

3．have called

4．have been calling

5．have written

6．have been writing

7．have...been reading

8．have...read

9．have been reading，have read

10．have...been saving，have...saved

11．have been surfing

12．have surfed

13．have knocked

14．have been knocking

15．have been reading

16．have read

17．B

18．B

19．A

20．B

21．B

22．B

23．A

24．A

25．B

26．B



Exercise 6.8

had been fighting，had covered，had...been put out，had been planting，

had already taken root，had been growing



综合练习



* * *



1．have been sitting，had been sitting，will have been sitting

2．have been studying

3．had been studying

4．had been dreaming

5．had been watching

6．had been waiting

7．had known

8．had been waiting

9．had been running

10．have been crying

11．had been crying

12．had been sitting

13．have been sitting

14．had been expecting

15．has been talking

16．Have...had，have been meaning

17．hit，sank，remained，discovered，has seen，has been exploring

18．have been treating，haven't had，have been taking