Silent and Deadly
     Transient ischemic attacks(TIAS), or mini-strokes, result from temporary interruptions of blood flow to the brain.  Unlike full strokes, they present symptoms lasting anywhere from a few seconds to 24 hours.  Rarely do they cause permanent neurological damage, but they are often precursors of a major stroke. 
     ¡°Our message is quite clear,¡± says Dr. Robert Adams, professor of neurology at the Medical College of Georgia in August. ¡°TIAS£¬while less severe than strokes in the short term, are quite dangerous and need a quick diagnosis and treatment as well as appropriate follow-up to prevent future injury.¡± 
     Unfortunately, mini-strokes are greatly under diagnosed. A study conducted for the National Stroke Association indicates that 2.5% of all adults aged 18 or older(about 4.9 million people in the U. S. )have experienced a confirmed TI A. An additional 1.2 million Americans over the age of 45, the study showed, have most likely suffered a mini-stroke without realizing it. These findings suggest that if the public knew how to spot the symptoms of stroke, especially mini-strokes, and sought prompt medical treatment, thousands of lives could be saved and major disability could be avoided. 
     The problem is that the symptoms of a mini-stroke are often subtle and passing. Nonetheless, there are signs you can look out for:
£*Numbness or weakness in the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body.
£*Trouble seeing in one or both eyes.
£*Confusion and difficulty speaking or understanding.
£*Difficulty walking, dizziness or loss of coordination.
¬£*Severe headache with no known cause. 
     Along with these symptoms, researchers have identified some key indicators that increase your chances of having a full-blown stroke after a TIA: if you¡¯re over 60, have experienced symptoms lasting longer than 10 minutes, feel weak and have a history of diabetes. 
     As with many diseases, you can help yourself by changing your lifestyle. The first things you should do are quit smoking, limit your intake of alcohol to no more than a drink or two a day and increase your physical activity. Even those who suffer from high blood pressure or diabetes can improve their odds¡ªand minimize complications if they do have a stroke¡ªby keeping their illness under control.
     If you experience any of the symptoms, your first call should be to your doctor. It could be the call that saves your life.

1. Which of the following is NOT true of mini-strokes?
  A. The cause of them remains unidentified.
  B. They seldom cause permanent neurological damage.
  C. They symptoms of them are often passing.
  D. They are not unrelated to major strokes.

2. To prevent mini-strokes from turning into major strokes, it is important to
  A. save thousands of lives.                 
  B. avoid major disability.
  C. seek prompt medical treatment.           
  D. prevent future injury.

3. The passage indicates that the symptoms of mini-strokes
  A. are always easy to spot.                 
  B. are frequently hard to recognize.
  C. usually last a couple of days.             
  D. can by no means be avoided.

4. All of the following may be signs of mini-strokes EXCEPT for
  A. trouble seeing in one eye.     
  B. numbness in the face.
  C. loss of coordination.         
  D. severe headache caused by external injury.

5. It can be inferred from the passage that mini-strokes are
  A. more dangerous than major strokes.            
  B. silent and deadly.
  C. difficult to cure.                                    
  D. sure to lead to major strokes.