Two main types of diabetes are Type 1 and Type 2. Another type of diabetes appears during pregnancy in some women. It’s called gestational diabetes.
　　One out of ten people with diabetes’ has Type 1 diabetes. These people usually find out they have diabetes when they are children or young adults. The pancreas of a person with Type 1 makes little or no insulin. People with Type 1 diabetes must inject insulin every day to live.
　　Most people with diabetes have Type 2 diabetes. The pancreas of people with such diabetes keeps making insulin for some time, but the body can’t use it well. Most people with Type 2 find out about their diabetes after age 30 or 40.
　　Some risk factors which make people more likely to get Type 2 diabetes are:
　　* A family history of diabetes.
　　* Lack of exercise.
　　* Weighing too much.
　　Diabetes can hurt your eyes, your kidneys, and your nerves. It can lead to problems with the blood circulation in your body. Even your teeth and gums can be harmed. And diabetes in pregnancy can cause special problems.
　　1. This writing is meant to tell people
　　A) how to avoid getting diabetes.
　　B) what to pay attention to when they have diabetes.
　　C) what diabetes is.
　　D) about the least development in curing diabetes.
　　2. A person with diabetes may have had all the following signs EXCEPT
　　A) becoming fatter and fatter.
　　B) becoming thinner and thinner.
　　C) having to get out of bed at night and night.
　　D) feeling like to drink a lot of water very often.
　　3. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
　　A) Most persons with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes are women in pregnancy.
　　B) Most women in pregnancy may have the danger of getting diabetes.
　　C) We find more persons with Type 2 diabetes among children than older persons.
　　D) We find more persons with Type 2 diabetes among older persons than children.
　　4. When you have Type 2 diabetes, it is sometimes possible to find that
　　A) your son has diabetes too.
　　B) your father has diabetes too.
　　C) your father-in-law is too fat.
　　D) your brother does not like sports.
　　5. People get diabetes because
　　A) their stomachs are not able to produce enough insulin.
　　B) their pancreas are not able to produce enough glucose.
　　C) there is too much glucose in their blood.
　　D) there is too much insulin in their blood.
　　KEYS: CADBC
　　PASSAGE 49
　　Medical Education
　　In 18th-century colonial America, those who wanted to become physicians either learned as personal students from established professionals or went abroad to study in the traditional schools of London, Paris, and Edinburgh. Medicine was first taught formally by specialists at the University of Pennsylvania, beginning in 1765, and in 1767 at King’s College (now Columbia University), the first institution in the colonies to give the degree of doctor of medicine. Following the American Revolution, the Columbia medical faculty (formerly of King’s College)was combined with the College of Physicians and Surgeons, chartered in 1809, which survives as a division of Columbia University.
　　In 1893 the Johns Hopkins Medical School required all applicants to have a college degree and was the first to afford its students the opportunity to further their training in an attached teaching hospital. The growth of medical schools attached with established institutions of learning went together with the development of proprietary schools of medicine run for personal profit, most of which had low standards and poor facilities. In 1910 Abraham Flexner, the American education reformer, wrote Medical Education in the United States and Canada, exposing the poor conditions of most proprietary schools. Subsequently, the American Medical Association and the Association of American Medical Colleges laid down standards for course content, qualifications of teachers, laboratory facilities, connection with teaching hospitals, and licensing of medical professionals that survive to this day.
　　By the late 1980s the U.S. and Canada had 142 4-year medical colleges recognized by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education to offer the M.D. degree; during the 1987-88 academic year, 47,262 men and 25,686 women entered these colleges and an estimated 11,752 men and 5,958 women were graduated. Graduates, after a year of internship, receive licenses to practice if they pass an examination given either by a state board or by the National Board of Medical Examiners.
　　练习:
　　1. In 18th-century America,
　　A) there was no higher institution of learning which taught medicine.
　　B) there were already a few higher institutions of learning which taught medicine.
　　C) those higher institutions of learning which taught medicine were better than those in Europe.
　　D) those higher institutions of learning did not give the degree of doctor of medicine.
　　2. In the 19th-century, all American medical schools
　　A) began to give their students chances for training in hospitals.
　　B) had good teachers and fine facilities
　　C) had large numbers of students.
　　D) None of the above is true.
　　3. The American Medical Association and the Association of American Medical Colleges were
　　Established
　　A) to ban those proprietary schools of medicine.
　　B) to build up relations between medical schools and hospitals.
　　C) to ensure the quality of medical teaching and practice.
　　D) to prevent some medical schools from making too much profit.