Questions 31-40

Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense canopy of branches,a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of almost everything else.Certain species such as salmonberry and sword ferns have Line adapted to the limited sunlight dappling through the canopy,but few evergreen trees (S)will survive there;still fewer can compete with the early prodigious growth of alders.A Douglas fir tree reaches its maximum rate of growth ten years later than an alder,and if the two of them begin life at the same time,the alder quickly outgrows and dominates the Douglas fir.After an alder canopy has closed,the Douglas fir suffers a marked decrease in growth,often dying within seven years.Even more shade-tolerant

species of trees such as hemlock may remain badly suppressed beneath aggressive young alders.

Companies engaged in intensive timber cropping naturally take a dim view of alders suppressing more valuable evergreen trees.But times are changing;a new generation of foresters seems better prepared to Include in their management plans consideration of the vital ecological role alders,play.

Among the alder's valuable ecological contributions is its capacity to fix nitrogen in nitrogen-deficient soils.Alder roots contain clusters of nitrogen-fixing nodules like those found on legumes such as beans.in addition,newly developing soils exposed by recent glacier retreat and planted with alders show that these trees are applying the equivalent of ten bags of high-nitrogen fertilizer to each hectare per year.Other chemical changes to soil in which they are growing Include a lowering of the base content and rise In soil acidity,as well as a substantial addition of carbon and calcium.to the soil,

Another important role many alders play in the wild,particularly in mountainous areas,is to check the rush of water during spring melt.In Japan and elsewhere,the trees are planted to stabilize soil on steep mountain slopes.Similarly,alders have been planted to stabilize and rehabilitate waste material left over from old mines,flood deposits,and landslide areas in both Europe and Asia.

31.What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A)Differences between alder trees and Douglas fir trees

(B)Alder trees as a source of timber

(C)Management plans for using alder trees to improve soil

(D)The relation of alder trees to their forest environments

32.The word "dense"in line I is closest in meaning to

(A)dark

(B)tall

(C)thick

(D)broad

33.Alder trees can suppress the growth of nearby trees by depriving them of

(A)nitrogen

(B)sunlight

(C)soil nutrients

(D)water

34.Thc passage suggests that Douglas fir trees are

(A)a type of alder

(B)a type of evergreen

(C)similar to sword ferns

(D)fast-growing trees

35.It can be inferred from paragraph I that hemlock trees

(A)are similar in size to alder trees.

(B)interfere with the growth of Douglas fir trees

(C)reduce the number of alder trees In the forest

(D)need less sunlight than do Douglas fir trees