12.Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage?

(A)Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the Pomo people.

(B)Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.

(C)There was a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.

(D)The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.

Questions 13-20

Any rock that has cooled and solidified from a molten state is an igneous rock.Therefore,if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space,all the rocks making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks.Even today,approximately 95percent of the entire crust is igneous.Periodically,molten material wells out of the Earth's interior to invade the surface layers or to flow onto the surface itself.This material cools into a wide variety of igneous rocks.In the molten state,it is called magma as it pushes into the crust and lava when it runs out onto the surface.

All magma consists basically of a variety of silicate minerals (high in silicon-oxygen compounds),but the chemical composition of any given flow may differ radically from that of any other.The resulting igneous rocks will reflect these differences.Igneous rocks also vary in texture as well as chemistry.Granite,for instance,is a coarse-grained igneous rock whose individual mineral crystals have formed to a size easily seen by the naked eye.A slow rate of cooling has allowed the crystals to reach this size.Normally,slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains buried well below the surface.Granite may be found on the surface of the contemporary landscape,but from its coarse texture we know that it must have formed through slow cooling at a great depth and later been laid bare by erosion.Igneous rocks with this coarse-grained texture that formed at depth are called plutonic.

On the other hand,if the same magma flows onto the surface and is quickly cooled by the atmosphere,the resulting rock will be fine-grained and appear quite different from granite,although the chemical composition will be identical.This kind of rock is called rhyolite.The most finely grained igneous rock is volcanic glass or obsidian,which has no crystals.Some researchers believe this is because of rapid cooling;others believe it is because of a lack of water vapor and other gases in the lava.The black obsidian cliffs of Yellowstone National Park are the result of a lava flow of basalt running head on into a glacier.Some of the glacier melted on contact,but suddenly there also appeared a huge black mass of glassy stone.

13.In the first paragraph,the author mentions that

(A)the Earth began as a molten mass

(B)a thin layer of magma flows beneath the Earth's crust

(C)the minerals found in igneous rock are very common

(D)igneous rock is continually being formed

14.The word "invade"in line 5is closest in meaning to

(A)move into

(B)neutralize

(C)cover

(D)deposit

15.The word "contemporary"in line 17is closest in meaning to

(A)vast

(B)natural

(C)existing

(D)uneven

16.The word "it"in line 17refers to

(A)granite

(B)surface

(C)landscape

(D)texture

17.Granite that has been found above ground has been

(A)pushed up from below the crust by magma

(B)produced during a volcanic explosion

(C)gradually exposed due to erosion

(D)pushed up by the natural shifting of the Earth

18.Which of the following is produced when magma cools rapidly?

(A)Granite

(B)Plutonic rock

(C)Rhyolite

(D)Mineral crystals

19.The word "finely"in line 23is closest in meaning to

(A)minutely

(B)loosely

(C)sensitively

(D)purely

20.Which of the following is another name for volcanic glass?

(A)Plutonic rock

(B)Crystal

(C)Lava

(D)Obsidian

Questions 21-33

Although only 1person in 20in the Colonial period lived in a city,the cities had a disproportionate influence on the development of North America.They were at the cutting edge of social change.It was in the cities that the elements that can be associated with modern capitalism first appeared -the use of money and commercial paper in place of barter,open competition in place of social deference and hierarchy,with an attendant rise in social disorder,and the appearance of factories using coat or water power in place of independent craftspeople working with hand tools."The cities predicted the future,"wrote historian Gary.B.Nash ,"even though they were but overgrown villages compared to the great urban centers of Europe,the Middle East and China."

Except for Boston,whose population stabilized at about 16,000in 1760,cities grew by exponential leaps through the eighteenth century.In the fifteen years prior to the outbreak of the War for independence in 1775,more than 200,000immigrants arrived on North American shores This meant that a population the size of Boston was arriving every year,and most of it flowed into the port cities in the Northeast.Philadelphia's population nearly doubted in those years,reaching about 30,000in 1774,New York grew at almost the same rate,reaching about 25,000by 1775.

The quality of the hinterland dictated the pace of growth of the cities.The land surrounding Boston had always been poor farm country,and by the mid-eighteenth century it was virtually stripped of its timber.The available farmland was occupied,there was little in the region beyond the city to attract immigrants.New York and Philadelphia,by contrast,served a rich and fertile hinterland laced with navigable watercourses.Scots,Irish,and Germans landed in these cities and followed the rivers inland.The regions around the cities of New York and Philadelphia became the breadbaskets of North America,sending grain not only to other colonies but also to England and southern Europe,where crippling droughts in the late 1760's created a whole new market.