Questions 10-19


The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting


birds involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their


nests merely scrapes in the sand or earth. Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks


Line for distracting potential nest predators from their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks.


(5) The ever-watchful plover can detect a possible threat at a considerable distance. When


she does, the nesting bird moves inconspicuously off the nest to a spot well away from


eggs or chicks. At this point she may use one of several ploys. One technique involves


first moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily through


the grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like


(10) squeaks. The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the


attention of the type of predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks.


Another deception begins with quiet movement to an exposed and visible location well


away from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends to incubate a brood. When the predator


approaches, the parent flees, leaving the false nest to be searched. The direction in which


(15) the plover "escapes" is such that if the predator chooses to follow, it will be led still further


away from the true nest.


The plover's most famous stratagem is the broken-wing display, actually a continuum


of injury-mimicking behaviors spanning the range from slight disability to near-complete


helplessness. One or both wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. The


(20) bird appears to be attempting escape along an irregular route that indicates panic. In the


most extreme version of the display, the bird flaps one wing in an apparent attempt to


take to the air, flops over helplessly, struggles back to its feet, runs away a short distance,


seemingly attempts once more to take off, flops over again as the "useless" wing fails to


provide any lift, and so on. Few predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey.


Needless to say, each short run between "flight attempts" is directed away from the nest.

10. What does the passage mainly discuss?


(A) The nest-building techniques of plovers


(B) How predators search for plovers


(C) The strategies used by plovers to deceive predators


(D) Why plovers are vulnerable to predators


11. The word "merely" in fine 3 is closest in meaning to


(A) often


(B) only


(C) usually


(D) at first


12. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage about plovers?


(A) Their eggs and chicks are difficult to find.


(B) They are generally defenseless when away From their nests.


(C) They are slow to react in dangerous situations.


(D) Their nests are on the surface of the ground.

13. The word "emitting" in line 9 is closest in meaning to


(A) bringing


(B) attracting


(C) producing


(D) minimizing

14. In the deception technique described in paragraph 2. the plover tries to


(A) stay close to her nest


(B) attract the predator's attention


(C) warn other plovers of danger


(D) frighten the approaching predator


15. The word "spanning" in line 18 is closest in meaning to


(A) covering


(B) selecting


(C) developing


(D) explaining


16. According to paragraph 4, which of the following aspects of the plover's behavior gives the appearance that it is frightened?


(A) Abnormal body position


(B) Irregular escape route


(C) Unnatural wing movement


(D) Unusual amount of time away from the nest


17. The word "pursue" in line 24 is closest in meaning to


(A) catch


(B) notice


(C) defend


(D) chase


18. According to the passage, a female plover utilizes all of the following deception techniques EXCEPT


(A) appearing to be injured


(B) sounding like another animal


(C) pretending to search for prey


(D) pretending to sit on her eggs


19. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?


(A) A description of the sequence of steps involved in plovers nest building


(B) A generalization about plover behavior followed by specific examples


(C) A comparison and contrast of the nesting behavior of plovers and other ground nesting birds


(D) A cause-and-efleet analysis of the relationship between a prey and a predator