TEXT D Training must have a purpose, which is defined when a firm analyses its training needs. A review of manpower planning should include a training analysis which looks carefully at training from the point of view of the company, its various departments and personnel. This may show that weaknesses exist in some departments and that, as a result, training is needed for their staff. Training needs are based on an analysis of job descriptions and job specifications. A job description should give details of the performance that is required for a specific job, and a job specification should give information about the behavior knowledge and skills that are expected of an employee who works in it. When all of this has been collected, it is possible to make a training specification. This specifies what the Training Department must teach for the successful performance of the job, and also the best methods to use in training period. There are many different training methods, and there are advantages and disadvantages to all of them. Successful training programs depend on an understanding of the difference between learning about skills and training in using them. It is frequently said that learning about skills takes place "off the job", in the classroom; but training in using those skills takes place "on the job", by means of such activities as job rotation and planned experience. It is always difficult to evaluate the costs and savings of a training program. The success of such a program depends not only on the methods used but also on the equality of the staff who do the training. A company can often check on savings in time and cost by examining the manual work performed by operators and technicians who have completed a training program. The evaluation of management and supervisory staff who leave their employment and the number who stay away from work for reasons of health.

　　76. According to the passage, an analysis of training needs is based on _____.

　　A) the performance required for a general job

　　B) the knowledge and skills expected in a person

　　C) the costs and savings of a training program

　　D) both the performance and knowledge and skills expected in a job

　　77. From the passage, we learn that "training in using them" takes place _____.

　　A) in the classroom

　　B) in the laboratory

　　C) on the job

　　D) at the training department

　　TEXT E It is refreshing to see an international organization not only subjecting itself to criticism but also publishing the results. A report published today by the International Development Association which lends on highly concessionary terms to the poorest countries, deserves credit on both counts. But the reason for producing this sizeable document say as much about the crisis facing aid agencies as they do about the recipients of aid. In the nature of things the document is self-justificatory. It would be curious indeed for a group of international civil servants enjoying substantial tax-free salaries to recommend their own disbandment. The report concludes that without IDA, the situation in the worlds poorest countries "world have been even worse, and the needs today even greater". Leaving aside whether one can say what would have happened otherwise, there is no doubt that in the 22 years since its inception IDA has been diligent. It has committed 27,000m to 1,302 projects in 78 countries. This year disbursements will be about 2,100m, despite the argument over IDAs funding which has left it with less money than expected. All of these considerable sums have gone to the poorest countries on generous terms. No country with a per capita income of more than 730 is eligible for IDA assistance, and in 1980 no less than 80 percent of net disbursements were to countries with per capita incomes of only 410. When incomes are so desperately low, it is not surprising that the terms allow repayment over 50 years without interest. Nevertheless, as IDA candidly admits, measuring the effectiveness of such aid is difficult. It insists that projects must pay for themselves. In effect, the rate of return must provide the borrowing government with revenue to meet its obligations or else the loan becomes a subsidy.

　　78. The word "counts" in the first paragraph refers to _____.

　　A) the considerable sums which have gone to the poorest countries

　　B) IDA submitting itself to an evaluation and making the result known

　　C) the reasons for producing the sizeable document

　　D) the generous terms that IDA has offered

　　79. Why is IDA short of money?

　　A) Due to a crises facing aid agencies.

　　B) Due to a quarrel over IDA's funding.

　　C) Due to less money being donated by rich countries.

　　D) Due to a group of servants enjoying tax-free salaries.

　　80. What qualifies a country for financial aid?

　　A) A per capita income of more than '730.

　　B) A per capita income of less than '410.

　　C) A per capita income of more than ￡2,100.

　　D) A per capita income of less than '730.