TEXT D

Training must have a purpose, which is defined when a firm analyses its training needs.    A review of manpower planning should include a training analysis which looks carefully at training from the point of view of the company, its various departments and personnel.    This may show that weaknesses exist in some departments and that, as a result, training is needed for their staff.    Training needs are based on an analysis of job descriptions and job specifications.

A job description should give details of the performance that is required for a specific job, and a job specification should give information about the behavior knowledge and skills that are expected of an employee who works in it.    When all of this has been collected, it is possible to make a training specification.    This specifies what the Training Department must teach for the successful performance of the job, and also the best methods to use in training period.

There are many different training methods, and there are advantages and disadvantages to all of them.    Successful training programs depend on an understanding of the difference between learning about skills and training in using them.    It is frequently said that learning about skills takes place "off the job", in the classroom; but training in using those skills takes place "on the job", by means of such activities as job rotation and planned experience.

It is always difficult to evaluate the costs and savings of a training program.    The success of such a program depends not only on the
methods used but also on the equality of the staff who do the training.    A company can often check on savings in time and cost by examining the manual work performed by operators and technicians who have completed a training program.    The evaluation of management and supervisory staff who leave their employment and the number who stay away from work for reasons of health.

76. According to the passage, an analysis of training needs is based on _____.
A. the performance required for a general job
B. the knowledge and skills expected in a person
C. the costs and savings of a training program
D. both the performance and knowledge and skills expected in a job
正确答案是

77. From the passage, we learn that "training in using them" takes place _____.
A. in the classroom
B. in the laboratory
C. on the job
D. at the training department
正确答案是