l        What is SLA?

n        What is language acquisition?

u      The natural process of children’s language development.

u      It is different from language learning.

u      Four stages of language acquisition

l        Babbling – holophrastic – two-word – telegraphic

n        What is second language acquisition (SLA)?

u      SLA is learning a language in F2 (the language being learnt) language environment.

u      It is different from foreign language learning, which is learning a language in F1 language environment.

u      The major difference is the environment.

n        Foreign language teaching (FLT) and second language teaching (SLT)

n        SLA theory

l        Factors affecting SLA

n        External factors: social factors

u      Social demand

u      Language policy

n        Internal factors: learner factors

u      Motivation

l        Instrumental

l        Integrative

u      Age

u      Learning strategy

l        Cognitive

n        Repetition

n        Translation

n        Note-taking

l        Metacognitive

n        Organizing

n        Self-monitoring

n        Self-evaluation

u      Personality

u      Attitude

l        Analysis of learners’ language

n        Why analyze?

u      Learners’ language provides data for research into the nature of the learning process. In order to gain insight into the process, researchers have engaged in the analysis of learners’ language.

n        How to analyze?

u      Contrastive analysis

l        Compare the target language with the mother tongue.

u      Error analysis

l        Identifying errors

n        Errors are due to the fault in knowledge of the speaker, while mistakes are because of unsuccessful performance.

l        Describing errors

n        Omission

-         He came into _ classroom with a book in _ hand.

n        Addition/wordy

-         My child goes to his school.

n        Selection

-         I hope/wish…

n        Disordering

-         I yesterday went to … (I, yesterday, went to …/I went to … yesterday)

l        Explaining errors and analyzing reason

n        Interlingual factors

-         Mother tongue’s influence

n        Intralingual factors

-         Overgeneralization

-         Simplification

-         Cross-association

l        Limitation for error analysis

n        Fail to see what learners’ language will be like if we focus on the errors.

u      Interlanguage

l        Approximate language system

l        Transitional language

l        Language transfer – to borrow language from L1

n        Positive transfer: L1 does help

n        Negative transfer: L1 misleads

l        Learners extend patterns by analogy – overgeneralized mistakes (overextension).

l        Communicative strategy

l        Explaining SLA

n        Nativist theories

u      Chomsky: LAD system

u      Krashen: monitor theory

u      Input hypothesis (i + 1 hypothesis)

n        Environmentalist theories

u      Cultural awareness

u      Theoretical perspective (language outlook)

u      Confidence and competence

n        Functionalist theories

u      Language use

u      Communicative strategies (CS)