Passage Two

　　Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

　　The ordinary family in colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, is own economic prosperity. Thus, children were valued in terms of their productivity, and they assumed the role of producer quite early. Until they fulfilled this role, their position in the structure of the family was one of subordination and their psychological needs and capacities received little consideration. As the society became more complex, the status of children in the family and in the society became more important. In the complex, technological society that the United States has become, each member must fulfill a number of personal and occupational roles and be in constant contact with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children as potentially acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society means that they are regarded more as people in their own right than as utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as equal participants in the contemporary family is reflected in the variety of statutes protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs devoted exclusively to their well-being. This new view of children and the increasing contact between the members of society has also resulted in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques. People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring on the proper way to bring up children. It is now possible to influence the details of the socialization of another person’s child by spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing. The socialization of the contemporary child in the United States is a two-way transaction between parent and child rather than a one-way, parent-to-child training program. As a consequence, socializing children and living with them over a long period time is for parents a mixture of pleasure, satisfaction, and problems.

　　57. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

　　A) The Place of Children in United States Society

　　B) The Children of Colonial North American

　　C) The Development of Cultural Values

　　D) The Child as a Utilitarian Organism

　　58. According to the author, children in colonial North America were mainly valued for their .

　　A) academic achievements B) survival instincts

　　C) physical characteristicsD) productive roles

　　59. What can be inferred about formal schooling in colonial North America?

　　A) It was generally required by law.B) It was considered relatively unimportant.

　　C) It was improperly administered.D) It was highly disciplined.

　　60. Which of the following is a possible cause of changes in the role of the child in the United States?

　　A) An increase in technology.

　　B) The growing complexity of the child’s psychological needs.

　　C) A decrease in the child’s intellectual capacities.

　　D) The growing number of single parent families.

　　61. According to the passage, parents have become increasingly interested in .

　　A) their children’s future occupations

　　B) having smaller families

　　C) adoption programs for childless couples

　　D) child-rearing techniques

　　Part ⅤError Correction (15 minutes)

　　Directions: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided.If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark(∧) in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash (／) in the blank.

　　Teachers believe that students’ responsibility with 62

　　learning is necessary. If a long reading assignment is

　　given, instructors expect students to be familiar with the

　　informations in the reading even if they do not discuss it in 63

　　class or give an examination. The ideal student is

　　considered to be one who motivated to learn for the sake of 64

　　learning, not the one who is interested only in getting high

　　grades. Grade－conscious students may be frustrated with

　　teachers who do not believe it is necessary to grade every

　　assignment. Sometimes homework is returned with brief

　　writing comments but without a grade. When research is 65

　　assigned, the professor expects the student to make the 66

　　initiative and complete the assignment with minimal

　　guidance.Professors do not have time to explain how the

　　library works; they expect students, particular graduate 67

　　students, to be able to use the reference sources in the

　　library.In the United States, professors have other duties

　　except teaching. Often they either have administrative work 68

　　to do or may be obliged to/publish articles and books. But 69

　　the time that a professor can spend with a student outside of

　　class is very limited. Educational practices such as student

　　participation indicates a respect for individual responsibility 70

　　and independence. The manner which education is 71

　　provided in any country reflects basic cultural and social

　　beliefs of that country.