第二节英语考试阅读理解应试的技巧(2)

网络资源 Freekaoyan.com/2008-04-09

应试技巧
阅读该类型文章的注意要点：来源：www.examda.com
①　所引述的流行观点或他人的观点是什么?
②　作者是赞成还是反对?抑或是肯定一部分，否定一部分?
③　作者用什么来证明自己的观点，或用什么来反驳他人的观点(事实、实例、专家的观点等)。
Exposition(说明文类)
模式之一：a 介绍事物或自然现象
b 说明其发生、发展过程
There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae(幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought(干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. There are the shrimps(小虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the southwest of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50℃ are often recorded.
The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch(孵化). Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 15 centimetres.
Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetres long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates.
If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egglaying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake; in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another year, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egglaying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.
本文为典型的说明文体。文章首先从沙漠植物谈起，引入要说明的事物“沙漠虾”。然后谈了虾卵的孵化、虾的独特生长过程以及雨量充足与不足时的情况。
模式之二：a　介绍某种社会现象来源：www.examda.com
b探述其原因或者其各个方面的问题
“There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when theyre 18, and the truth is far from that,” says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today, unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents. “There is a major shift in the middle class,” declares sociologist Allan Schnaiberg of Northwestern University, whose son, 19, moved back in after an absence of eight months.
Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising, a condition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people. A high divorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionally hurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an awayfromhome college education has become so excessively great that many students now attend local schools. Even after graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs.
Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moral support. Her mother agreed, “Its ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makes sense for kids to stay at home.” But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. There are the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy(不受干扰的生活). Some families, however, manage the delicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has been home three times — and left three times. “What I considered a social drink, my dad considered an alcohol problem,” she explains, “He never liked anyone I dated(约会), so I either had to hide away or meet them at friends houses.”
Just how long should adult children live with their parents before moving on? Most psychologists feel lengthy homecomings are a mistake. Children, struggling to establish separate identities, can end up with“a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure.” And aging parents, who should be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck with responsibilities. Many agree that brief visits, however, can work beneficially.
文章开头引用两位专家的话指出“回巢”现象。接着，在第二段探讨了这一现象的原因。在第三段，作者引用了教师的话谈了“回巢”这一现象的利弊。最后一段为结论。
应试技巧
阅读上述说明文体的两种模式的文章时应注意：这类文章的写作方式重在presentation, 即呈现某种现象、状况，陈述与其相关的诸方面。所以在阅读中要着重把握： ① 谈论的对象是什么，② 阐述了该“对象”哪几个方面的问题。
(二) 题型分析及解题技巧
主旨题
主旨题主要测试考生对文章或段落的主要内容、中心思想的把握。诸如涉及文章的主题、标题及作者的写作意图都属于这一类。主旨题常见的提问方式有：
What is the main idea of this passage?
Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of this passage?
The author holds (the view) that .
The passage shows that .来源：www.examda.com
The article was written to .
The best title for this passage would be.
The purpose of this passage is .
应试技巧
① 注意寻找主题句。一般来说，作者都是围绕某一主要意思而组织材料展开段落的。主题句加细节、事实是最常见的段落展开方式，这在说明文和议论文中尤为常见。主题句实际上就是每段大意的概括。综合文章各个段落的主题句就可概括出全文的中心思想。
② 在确定中心思想时，应避免两种错误。一是把主题的一部分当作文章的整个主题，从而以偏概全，过于具体；二是将主题概括过泛，超出了作者本身要表达的范围。
③ 文章的主旨有直陈式和隐含式之分。直陈式的主旨可从文章中直接找出，而隐含式的主旨是没有公开陈述的，需要考生根据材料“暗示”的信息来确定。换句话说就是要通过推测才能得出文章的主题。
④ 在解答主旨题时，宜采用略读的方法，快速浏览，抓住要点。
事实细节题
事实细节题根据文章所表达的信息进行提问，凡涉及文章中的重要事实、细节、过程、原因、结果等都属于事实细节题。因此，事实细节题是阅读理解测试中出现最多的一类题。事实细节题的特点是涉及答案的信息是文章中已表达的，而非自己的假设和推测，事实细节题覆盖面广，提问方式因内容而变化，无固定的模式。
推论题
所谓推论题就是推断作者没有用直白、确切的语言说出，但却由已知信息、线索暗示或含蓄表示出的意义。推论题的答案往往不能直接从文章的字面上找到，需要考生透过句子表面和字里行间，理解其弦外之音。推论题的常见出题方式有：
It can be inferred from the passage that.
It is implied (but not stated) that.
The passage/The author implies that.
应试技巧
解答推论题应注意的是，推论题必须以文章所提供的事实为依据，不能脱离文章、凭想像做过分的推论。
结论题
结论题涉及文章的结论。结论题的主要形式为：
We may conclude from this passage that.
What is the conclusion of this passage?
应试技巧
结论题可以是作者明确已陈述出来的，也可以是要读者根据文章所表述的信息得出合乎逻辑的结论。在解答后一种结论题时，必须仔细权衡作者提出的观点和提供的事实的倾向，才能得出合乎情理的结论。
是非题
是非题通常是要求考生根据文章内容，对某一观点、事实、情节等的真实与否，文章是否对某一观点、事实、情节等作过阐述，做出识别、判断。是非题实质上也是细节题，只不过表现形式不同而已。是非题的常见提问方式为：
Which of the following statements is (not) true according to the passage?
Which of the following is not mentioned?
Which of the following is not implied?
语义题
语义题是测试考生对语篇中某个单词或词组的正确理解，即根据上下文各种线索猜测词义的能力。有时是测试考生对文章中某个代词的指代关系的理解。语义题常见的提问方式为：
The word “×××” in line ××× most closely means.
The phrase “×××” in line ××× most probably means.
The word “×××” in line ××× refers to .
应试技巧
解答语义题一定要仔细阅读所测试的词或词组所在的句子及上下文。通常是只有在上下文所提供的线索中、在整个语境中，才能弄清该句子继而该词或词组的确切含义。如果是完全陌生的词或词组，就要用我们前面所述的各种线索来推测，并根据题目提供的选择项仔细对比，逐项排除，以获得正确的答案。
语气、态度题
这类题问及作者叙述的语气，比如是客观、冷静的，还是主观情绪性的；是赞赏的还是讽刺的；是肯定的还是否定的。问及态度的题通常涉及作者对所议论的问题、现象的态度。提问方式有：
The authors tone in writing this passage is .
What is the authors attitude toward?
应试技巧
在解答语气、态度类的题时，应注意作者的表述方式和用词，这样才能判断出作者的倾向。选择项中常出现的表示语气、态度的词语有：cool(冷静的)，emotional(情绪化的，动情的)，subjective(主观的)，objective(客观的)，satiric (讽刺的)， humorous (幽默的)，calm(沉静的)， indignant(义愤的)，matteroffact(实事求是的)，doubtful，suspicious(怀疑的)，positive(肯定的)，negative(否定的)，neutral(中立的)等。
以上是六级考试阅读理解题常见的7个类型，但这种分类只是相对的。各类题型之间的界线并不总是泾渭分明的。有时一道题会兼属两种题型。但是，不论一道题属于什么类别，提问方式如何变化，只要把握问题的真正意图，抓住问题的本质，然后从文章中找出问题的出处并阅读相关的文字，就能顺利地解答出该问题。
(三) 阅读理解选择题的设计及解题技巧
同义语转换
所谓同义语转换就是指利用一些同义词、近义词、同义短语来代替原文中的某个意思设计成选择项，或者转换成另一种句子结构表达方式来进行。这就使得答案往往比较隐蔽。在阅读中只要我们能通过题干找出问题的出处，仔细比照题干+选择项信息是否与原文意思等同，就能确认正确答案。
［例1］
The new computers represent a big improvement over past models, but they also cost much more. Company officials do not think the higher price will slow down buyers who want to step up to a more powerful computer. Apple wants to stay in the highprice end of the personal computer market to finance research for even faster, more sophisticated computers.
Q： Apple sells its new computer models at a high price because.
A) they have new features and functions
B) they are more sophisticated than other models来源：www.examda.com
C) they have new accessories attached
D) it wants to accumulate funds for future
research
答案为D。本题题干问“苹果公司以高的价位销售其新型电脑是因为什么?”，而原文最后一句话“Apple wants to stay in the highprice end of the personal computer market to finance research for even faster, more sophisticated computers.”正好回答了这一问题。答案“it wants to accumulate funds for future research”的意义正好可以替换“to finance research for...”。
概括
所谓概括就是把文章中的某层意思或分散于文章若干处的某个意思概括表达出来。
［例1］
Cyberspace(网络空间)，data superhighways, multimedia — for those who have seen the future, the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives for ever. Yet for all the talk of a forthcoming technological utopia(乌托邦)little attention has been given to the implications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology, while the West concerns itself with the “how”, the question of “for whom”is put aside once again.
Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolution has affected the world economy. Information technology allows the extension of trade across geographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational corporations take full advantage of it. Terms of trade, exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than the production of goods. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows the haves to increase their control on global markets — with destructive impact on the havenots.
Q： From the passage we know that the development of high technology is in the interests of.
A) the rich countriesB)scientific development
C) the eliteD) the world economy
答案为A。题干+选择项A的意思为“高科技的发展是为了富裕国家的利益”。首先，第一段后两句说“没有人注意技术的‘乌托邦’对穷国意味着什么，西方国家关注如何发展高技术的同时，把为谁发展的问题撇在了一边”。其次，第二段最后一句“电子经济使得掌握了信息技术的国家加强了对全球市场的控制，而对没有掌握的国家造成毁灭性的影响”。选项A正好概括了上述意思。
逆向陈述
所谓逆向陈述就是指在设计选择项时将原文中正面陈述的某个意思用“反说”的方式表达，或将原文“反说”的某个意思采用“正说”的形式表达。
［例1］
So what are the options for regaining control? One alternative is for developing countries to buy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves — socalled“development communications”modernization. Yet this leads to longterm dependency and perhaps permanent constraints on developing countries economies.来源：www.examda.com
Q： The development of modern communications technology in developing countries may .
A) hinder their industrial production
B) cause them to lose control of their trade
C) force them to reduce their share of exports
D) cost them their economic independence
答案为D。本段最后一句话“然而这会导致长期的依赖并造成或许是对发展中国家经济的永久束缚”，句中“leads to longterm dependency”在选择项D中被逆向陈述为“cost them their economic independence”语义相同，只是陈述角度不同。

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第二节英语考试阅读理解应试的技巧(2)

网络资源 Freekaoyan.com/2008-04-09

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