Passage four
　　According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
　　Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders”. It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.
　　Research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things done.” Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-beings of a social group’s members. Expressive leaders are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them.
　　Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give others and may discipline group members who inhibit the attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the difference in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect.
　　36. What does the passage mainly discuss?
　　A The problems faced by leaders.
　　B How leadership differs in small and large groups.
　　C How social groups determine who will lead them.
　　D The role of leaders in social groups.
　　37. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT
　　A recruitment
　　B formal election process
　　C specific leadership training
　　D traditional cultural patterns
　　38. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?
　　A A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group
　　B Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person
　　C A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
　　D Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
　　39. In mentioning “natural leaders” in line 8, the author is making the point that
　　A few people qualify as “natural leaders”.
　　B there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist.
　　C “natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a group.
　　D “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics
　　40. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on
　　A ensuring harmonious relationships.
　　B sharing responsibility with group members.
　　C identifying new leaders.
　　D achieving a goal.
　Part III Vocabulary (20 minutes)
　　41. He is too young to be able to between right and wrong.
　　A discard B discern C disperse D disregard
　　42. It was no that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery .
　　A coincidence B convention C certainty D complication
　　43. The chairman of the board on me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the firm can no longer afford to employ.
　　A compelled B posed C pressed D tempted
　　44. The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two eastern states in which it once .
　　A thrived B swelled C prospered D flourished
　　45. Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need for any common second language could .
　　A descend B decline C deteriorate D depress
　　46. Equipment not official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop.
　　A conforming to B consistent with C predominant over D providing for
　　47. For three-quarters of its span on Earth, life evolved almost as microorganisms.
　　A precisely B instantly C initially D exclusively
　　48. I am not with my roommate but I have to share the room with her ,because I have nowhere else to live.
　　A concerned B compatible C considerate D complied
　　49. At first, the of color pictures over a long distance seemed impossible ,but , with the painstaking efforts and at great expense ,it became a reality.
　　A transaction B transmission C transformation D transition
　　50. When the committee to details , the proposed plan seemed impractical .
　　A got down B set about C went off D came up
　　51. to some parts of South America is still difficult ,because parts of the continent are still covered with thick forests .
　　A Orientation B Access C Procession D Voyage
　　52. Mr. Smith had an unusual : he was first an office clerk , then a sailor , and ended up as a school teacher.
　　A profession B occupation C position D career
　　53. The mayor is a woman with great and therefore deserves our political and financial support.
　　A intention B instinct C integrity D intensity
　　54. You don’t have to install this radio in your new car . It’s an extra.
　　A excessive B optional C additional D arbitrary
　　55. Poverty is not in most cities although ,perhaps because of the crowded conditions in certain areas , it is more visible there.
　　A rare B temporary C prevalent D segmental
　　56. An increasing proportion of our population ,unable to live without advanced medical ,will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.
　　A interference B interruption C intervention D interaction
　　57. These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the of higher education from the mid-1860’s to the mid-1880’s
　　A branch B category C domain D scope
　　58. Crisis would be the right term to describe the in many animal species .
　　A minimization B restriction C descent D decline
　　59. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was to the issue at hand .
　　A irrational B unreasonable C invalid D irrelevant
　　60. Fuel scarcities and price increases automobile designers to scale down the largest models and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks .
　　A persuaded B prompted C imposed D enlightened
　　61.The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway .
　　A vanished B scattered C abandoned D rejected
　　62.She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would her long effort.
　　A justify B testify C rectify D verify
　　63. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 billion, the $160 billion the President is struggling to get through the Congress.
　　A in proportion to B in reply to C in relation to D in contrast to
　　64 He is planning another tour abroad ,yet his passport will at the end of this month.
　　A expire B exceed C terminate D cease
　　65. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longer ______ according to the weather.
　　A altered B converted C fluctuated D modified
　　66. The wealth of a country should be measured the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce .
　　A in line with B in terms of C in regard with D by means of
　　67. American companies are evolving from mass-production to enterprises.
　　A moveable B changing C flexible D varying
　　68. I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat .
　　A disapproval B rejection C refusal D decline
　　69. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her attitude toward customers
　　A impartial B mild C hostile D opposing
　　70. I never trust him because I always thought him as such a character.
　　A gracious B suspicious C unique D particular
　　Part IV Error detection and correction (15 minutes)
　　I’m a great admirer of the Japanese because they know
　　where they’re come from , they know where they’re at,
　　And they know where they’re going. And most important,
　　They have a national strategy to get them there .
　　They also know to make good cars. During the 1970s. Their cars were actually better than ours. That’s not true
　　any longer , but many Americans still believe it .
　　How did Japanese cars get so good? It starts with the
　　workers. To begin, labor costs over there are much higher than ours. Japanese workers earn about 60 percents of what American counterparts take home. They don’t have automatic cost-of-living increases tie to the Consumer
　　Price Index, as American workers do. And they don’t
　　have the same array of company –paid medical benefits that
　　took the consumer several hundred dollars a car.
　　Japan’s workers are also more productive than ours. I
　　don’t mean that they’re better , merely that they operate
　　by a different set of rules.
　　There are really only two job classifications in Japan:
　　skilled and unskilled. Depending on that needs to be done on
　　a given day, a worker may perform a variety of jobs. If the
　　floor is clean, he’ll pick up a broom and sweep it without
　　worrying about that’s part of his job definition. Naturally
　　this sense of responsibility leads to much great efficiency.
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