Passage Three

　　Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:

　　The newborn can see the difference between varius shapes and patterns from birth. He

　　prefers patterns to dull or bright solid colors and looks longer at stripes and angles than at circu-

　　lar patterns. Within three weeks, however, his preference shifts dramatically to the human face.

　　Why should a baby with so little visual experience attend more to a human face than to any oth-

　　er kind of pattern'? Some scientists think this preference represents a built in advantage for the

　　human species. The object of prime importance to the physically helpless infant is a human be-

　　ing. Babies seem to have a natural tendency to the human face as potentially rewarding. Re-

　　searchers also point out that the newborn wisely relies more on pattern than on outling size, or

　　color. Pattern remains stable, while outline changes with point of view; size, with distance from

　　an object;and brightness and color, with lighting.

　　Mothers have always claimed that they could see their newborns looking at them as they

　　held them, despite what they have been told. The experts who thought that perception(知觉)

　　had to await physical development and the consequence of action were wrong for several rea-

　　sons. Earlier research techniques were less sophisticated than they are today. Physical skills were

　　once used to indicate perception of objects - skills like visual tracking and reaching for an ob-

　　ject, both of which the newborn does poorly. Then, too, assumptions that the newborn' s eye and

　　brain were too immature for anything as sophisticated as pattern recognition caused opposing

　　data to be thrown away. Since perception of form was widely believed to follow perception of

　　more "basic" qualities such as color and brightness, the possibility of its presence from birth was

　　rejected.

　　31. What does a newborn baby like to see most'?

　　A) Bright colors.                         B) Circular patterns.

　　C) Stripes and angles.                    D) Various shapes.

　　34. In earlier researches on the newborn's perception, scientists

　　A) ignored evidence contrary to their assumptions

　　B) believed that perception of form comes before perception of color and brightness

　　C) opposed throwing away effective data

　　D) proved that physical skills come after visual perception

　　35. The main idea of the passage is that __

　　A) research techniques are of vital importance scientific investigation

　　B) the findings of earlier scientific researchers often prove wrong

　　C) newborns can perceive forms from birth

　　D) more often than not the claims of mothers are reliable