Asimov explains why there is much more in intelligence than just being able to score high on intelligence tests.
What Is Intelligence, Anyway?
Isaac Asimor
What is intelligence, anyway? When I was in the army I received a kind of aptitude test that all soldiers took and, against a normal of 100, scored 160. No one at the base had ever seen a figure like that and for two hours they made a nig fuss over me. （It didn't mean anything. The next day I was still a buck private with KP as my highest duty.）
All my life I've been registering scores like that, so that I have the complacent feeling that I'm highly intelligent, and I expect other people to think so, too. Actually, though, don't such scores simply mean that I am very good at answering the type of academic questions that are considered worthy of answers by the people who make up the intelligence tests - people with intellectual bents similar to mine?
For instance, I had an auto-repair man once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not possibly have scored more than 80, by my estimate. I always took it for granted that I was far more intelligent than he was. Yet, when anything went wrong with my car I hastened to him with it, watched him anxiously as he explored its vitals, and listened to his pronouncements as though they were divine oracles - and he always fixed my car.
Well, then, suppose my auto-repair man devised questions for an intelligence test. Or suppose a carpenter did, or a farmer, or, indeed, almost anyone but an academician. By every one of those tests, I'd prove myself a moron. And I'd be a moron, too. In a world where I could not use my academic training and my verbal talents but had to do something intricate or hard, working with my hands, I would do poorly. My intelligence, then, is not absolute. Its worth is determined by the society I live in. Its numerical evaluation is determined by a small subsection of that society which has managed to foist itself on the rest of us as an arbiter of such matters.
Consider my auto-repair man, again. He had a habit of telling me jokes whenever he saw me. One time he raised his head from under the automobile hood to say: "Doc, a deaf-and-dumb guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails. He put two fingers together on the counter and made hammering motions with the other hand. The clerk brought him a hammer. He shook his head and pointed to the two fingers he was hammering. The clerk brought him nails. He picked out the sizes he wanted, and left. Well, doc, the next guy who came in was a blind man. He wanted scissors. How do you suppose he asked for them?"
I lifted my right hand and made scissoring motions with my first two fingers. Whereupon my auto-repair man laughed heartily and said, "Why, you dumb fool, he used his voice and asked for them." Then he said, smugly, "I've been trying that on all my customers today." "Did you catch many?" I asked. "Quite a few," he said, "but I knew for sure I'd catch you." "Why is that?" I asked. "Because you're so goddamned educated, doc, I know you couldn't be very smart."
And I have an uneasy feeling he had something there.
NEW WORDS
aptitude
n. natural ability or skill 能力，才能
normal
n. the usual state or level 正常的状态或水平
figure
n. 数字
fuss
n. unnecessary expression of excitement, anger, impatience, etc. 大惊小怪
buck private
n. （sl.） common soldier of the lowest rank 列兵
KP （abbr）
kitchen police （a military duty of helping the cooks prepare and serve the food, wash the dishes, and clean up the kitchen） 炊事值勤（员）
register
vt. achieve; write in a list or record 取得；登记
complacent
a. self-satisfactory; pleased with oneself 自满的；自鸣得意的
highly
ad. to a great degree; very
simply
ad. just; only 仅仅；只不过
academic
a. scholarly, theoretical, not practical; of a college or university 学术的，学究的；学院的
worthy （of）
a. deserving 值得的
bent
n. natural tendency or inclination 嗜好，倾向
similar
a. alike; of the same sort 类似的
auto
n. （short for） automobile 汽车
estimate
n. judgment or opinion about how much, how many, how good, etc. 估计
grant
vt. give or allow （what is asked for） 授予；准予
hasten
vi. go fast; be quick 赶快；急忙
explore
vt. search or examine thoroughly 探索；探究
vitals
n. essential parts of anything; the main bodily organs 主要部件；（人体的）重要器官
pronouncement
n. formal or authoritative statement; opinion 声明；见解
divine
a. coming from God; sacred 神的；神圣的
oracle
n. 圣言；神谕
devise
vt. think out; plan 想出；设计
carpenter
n. 木匠
academician
n. member of an art, literary or scientific academy or society院士，学会会员
moron
n. stupid person 低能者；蠢人
verbal
a. complicated with words and their use; spoken, not written 词语的；口头的
intricate
a. complicated 错综复杂
absolute
a. not measured by comparison with other things 绝对的
determine
vt. fix or find out exactly 确定
numerical
n. of a number; shown by numbers 数字的；用数字表示的
evaluation
vt. 估价，评价
evaluate
vt.
subsection
n. part of a section 小组，分部
foist
vt. force （sth.） on another person by fraud or trickery 把……强加于
