二、接下来,让我们看一下英汉句子结构的特点。英语属印欧语系,汉语属汉藏语系,两种语言相距甚远,英语结构紧凑,汉语结构松散。语言学家以“竹节句法”来比喻英语句子,即英语句子是由断不可缺的各种连接词衔接而成,宛如节节相连的竹子;而汉语句子则被比喻为“流水句法”,所谓的流水指少用乃至不用连接词仍行文流畅。所以说,英语重形和,汉语重意和。英语句子中如果少了连接词如or,but,if,so,because,when,although , in order that,so that,所要表达的意思就支离破碎了,而汉语如没连接词,只从句子本身的意思就可以把概念或关系表达清楚。如:
Conquer the desires,or they will conquer you.你如不能战胜欲念,欲念将要战胜你。
An Englishm an who could not speak Chinese was once travelling in China.一个英国人,不会说中国话,有一次在中国旅行。
三、就是因为英语中各种连接词与替代词的广泛使用,使得英语中出现“多枝共干”式的长句,复合句;汉语则常用短句,简单句。请看下面一个英语长句以及其汉意。
It was on a Sunday evening,when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem,that he heard thegate swing to,and saw the girl coming running among the trees,with the redcheeked, stolid Joe in swift pursuit.一个星期日的傍晚,他正躺在果园里,一面在听画眉鸟的啁啾,一面在写一首爱情诗,忽然听得大门砰地关上,接着看见那姑娘从树丛里奔出来,后面飞跟着那呆头呆脑的红脸的乔。
这是个英语强调句,其重心是:he heard the gate swing to and saw the girl com ing running am ong the trees.,而when he was ly- ing in the orchard listening to a blackbird and com posing a love poem是一个时间状语从句,这两个句子通过itwas...that...这个强调句型巧妙地合为一个复合长句,整个句子简单明了,结构紧凑,若用汉语表达则须分成好几个短句。再如:
The president said at a conference dominated by questions on yesterday's election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat,which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House.在一次记者招待会上,问题集中于昨天的选举结果,总统就此发了言。他说他不能理解为什么共和党遭到了这样大的失败。这种情况最终会使共和党失去在众议院长期享有的优势。
这个英语长句是由一个带有分词短语的主句,两个宾语从句和一个非限制性定语从句组成,整个句子的主干简单明了:The pres-identsaid...that....,若用汉语来表达,须把此长句拆开分成三个单句来分别叙述。
四、英语的另一个显著特点是被动句多。英语重物称,常常选择不能施行动作或无生命的词语作主语,由于这些“无灵”物称充当主语,使得被动句大兴其道。在英语被动句里,不必强调动作的施行者,就将其置于句尾由by连接;不必、不愿或不便言明动作的施行者,就干脆将其省略。相对而言,汉语习惯于人称化的表达,主语常常是能施行动作或有生命的物体,所以汉语中主动句多。请看例句:
It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and the liver.长期以来,大家知道心脏与肝脏的关系是最主要的。
The fam ous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.大火几乎使这家有名的旅馆全部毁灭。
They were given a hearty welcome.他们受到热烈欢迎。
