Passage 3
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.ª¥
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies¡ªand other creatures¡ªlearn to do things because certain acts lead to ¡°rewards¡±;and there is no reason to doubt that this is true.But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards,at least in the early stages,had to be directly related to such basic physiological(ÉúÀíµÄ) ¡°drives¡±as thirst or hunger.In other words,a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort ,not otherwise.ª¥
It is now clear that this is not so.Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.ª¥
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to ¡°reward¡± the babies and so taught them to carry out some
simple movements,such as turning the head to one side or the other.Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink
would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure.So he began to study the children¡¯s responses in situations where no milk was provided.He quickly found that children as young as four months would
learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement ¡°switched on ¡±a display of lights ¡ªand indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result,for instance,two left or two right,or even to make as many as three turns to one side.ª¥
Papousek¡¯s light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes
they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would ¡°smile and bubble¡±when the display came on.Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of the lights which pleased them,it was the success they were
achieving in solving the problem,in mastering the skill,and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.ª¤

31.According to the author,babies learn to do things which____ .ª¤
A)are directly related to pleasure
B)will meet their physical needsª¤
C)will bring them a feeling of success
D)will satisfy their curiosityª¤

32.Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby____ .ª¤
A)would make learned responses when it saw the milkª¤
B)would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drinkª¤
C)would continue the simple movements without being given milkª¤
D)would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drinkª¤

33.In Papousek¡¯s experiment babies make learned movements of the head in or
der to ____.ª¤
A)have the lights turned on
B)be rewarded with milkª¤
C)please their parents
D)be praisedª¤

34.The babies would ¡°smile and bubble¡± at the lights because____ .ª¤
A)the lights were directly related to some basic ¡°drives¡±
B)the sight of the lights was interestingª¤
C)they need not turn back to watch the lights
D)they succeeded in ¡°switching on¡± the lightsª¤

35.According to papousek¡¯s,the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of ____.ª¤
A)a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B)the satisfaction of certain physiological needsª¤
C)their strong desire to solove complex problemª¤
D)a fundamental human urge to display their learned skillsª¤