benevolent
a. intending or showing good will, kindly, friendly 仁慈的

invade
vt. enter (a country) with armed forces in order to attack; violate, interfere with 侵犯

autonomy
n. (the right of) self-government; freedom to determine one's own actions, behavior, etc. 自治（权）；自主

render
vt. cause to be

informed
a. having knowledge or information; having and using suitable knowledge 了解情况的；有见识的

concerning
prep. about, with regard to

increasingly
ad. more and more all time

befall( befell, befallen)
vt. (use. sth. bad ) happen to (sb.) 降临到……头上

integrity
n. honesty or sincerity; wholeness 诚实，正直；完整

credibility
n. the quality of being believable; trustworthiness 可靠性；可信

colleague
n. an associate; fellow worker or member of a profession or organization 同事

suspicion
n. doubt; mistrust 怀疑

deceit
n. deception; a dishonest trick 欺骗

undercut
vt. undermine; weaken 暗中破坏；削弱

scrupulously
ad. carefully; conscientiously 一丝不苟地

spiral
n. a curved shape which winds round; a continuous and expanding increase or decrease 螺旋（形）；盘旋上升（或下降）

lawsuit
n. a noncriminal case in a court of law 诉讼（案件）

injure
vt. cause physical harm to; damage

arise (arose)
vi. move or go upward; come into existence 上升；出现

bill
n. 法案；议案；账单

alternative
n. a choice between two or more things; any of the things to be chosen 抉择；可供选择的东西

treatment
n. a substance or method used in treating someone medically 治疗；疗法

eloquent
a. having the power of expressing one's feeling or thoughts with grace and force 雄辩的

disapprove
vt. consider not good or not suitable; have or express an opinion against 不赞成

refrain
vi. hold oneself back; keep oneself (from doing sth.) 忍住；戒除

object
vi. be against sth. or sb. 反对

objection n.

bitterly
ad. sharply severely

deceive
vt. cause (sb.) to believe sth. that is false 欺骗

debate
vt. argue about (sth.) in an effort to persuade other people 辨论

issue
n. a question that arises for discussion 问题；争端

practitioner
n. a professional man, esp. in medicine or in law 开业者（尤指医生、律师等）

consequence
n. result; importance 后果；重要性

avoidable
a. that can be prevented from happening

wary
a. cautious; in the habit of looking out for possible danger or trouble 谨慎的；谨防的

erode
vt. wear away; eat into 腐蚀

saying
n. a well-known wise statement; proverb 格言；谚语

Phrases & Expressions

go on (a trip, vacation)
depart for the purpose of

at times
occasionally; now and then 间或；有时

in one's eyes
in one's opinion

for one's (own) sake
for one's own benefit 为了某人自己的利益

slip into
fall into; enter (esp. through carelessness) 陷入

contrary to
opposite to; despite

in the first place
firstly

in the course of during
during

in the dark
uninformed; ignorant 不知情，蒙在鼓里

bring to a close
end 结束，终止

take leave (of)
say goodbye (to)

in the long run
in the end; ultimately 从长远的观点看；最终

go to great lengths
do anything possible, however dangerous, unpleasant, wicked, etc. 不遗余力

refrain from
not do , stop

day after day
each day

take a/ one's stand
declare one's position, loyalty, opinions, etc., and be prepared to fight (for these opinions, etc.)表明立场、意见等