essential
a. very important; vital
elevation
n. the act of raising to a higher place or position
elevate
vt.
effective
a. able to bring about a desired result; being in force or operation
credit
vt. (with) believe that (sb.) has (a quality, or has done sth. good) 认为（某人）有（某种优点或成就等）
formulate
vt. express in an exact way 精确地阐述
ingredient
n. a substance that is part of a mixture or compound 成分
experimental
a. used for or connected with experiments
outcome
n. a final result
cookbook
n. a book of directions and recipes for cooking
breakthrough
n. an important advance or discovery, often after earlier failures
trial and error
process of solving a problem by trying various solutions and learning from one's failures 反复试验
experimentation
n. the making of experiments
accidental
a. happening by chance, not by plan or intention
countere idence
n. opposing evidence
modify
vt. change, esp. slightly
abandon
vt. give up completely; leave for good, desert
reputation
n. the general worth or quality of sb. or sth. as judged by others
Greek
n. sb. who was born in or is a citizen of Greece; the language of the Greeks 希腊人（语）
a. of Greece, its people, or their language
proportional
a. in proportion 成比例的
immense
a. of great size, extent or degree
verifiable
a. that can be checked or tested and proved to be true
outweigh
vt. weigh more than; exceed in value, importance or influence
follower
n. a person who follows or supports a particular person, belief, or cause, etc.
strive
vt. try hard
distinguish
v. know or see clearly the difference between two things; to hear or see clearly 区分，辨别
humanity
n. human beings as a group; people
adopt
vt. take and use as one's own
creed
n. a statement of the beliefs of principles held by a person or group 信条
retain
vt. continue to have; keep; hold in the mind or memory
questionable
a. perhaps not true, right or honest; not certain
assumption
n. sth. that is taken as a fact or believed to be true without proof
belittle
vt. cause to seem small or unimportant
weakness
n. the condition or quality of being weak; a weak point; fault
inherent
a. of or being a basic quality or characteristic of a person or thing 内在的，固有的
inherently
ad.
ethical
a. agreeing with the rules or standards of right behavior
ethics
n. moral rules or principles of behavior governing a person or group 伦理，道德
arena
n. an enclosed area used for sports events and entertainments; any place of activity 竞技场；活动场所
premium
n. an unusual or high value
cardinal
a. chief, main, most important
testable
a. capable of being tested
procedure
n. a set of actions necessary for doing sth.; the method and order of directing business in an official meeting, law case, etc. 程序
contradict
vt. say the opposite of; disagree with 反驳；同...矛盾
stepping-stone
n. a means of advancing or rising; a way of improvement or gaining success 进身之阶;垫脚石
criterion
n. an established standard or principle on which a judgment or decision is based 标准
likelihood
n. the fact or degree of being likely; probability
speculation
n. careful thought, reflection; the act or process of guessing 沉思;推测
speculate
v. reflect; guess
unscientific
a. not scientific
long-run
a. happening or continuing over a long period of time
publicize
vt. bring to public notice 宣传,公布
publicity
n. (the business of bringing sb. or sth. to) public notice or attention
wishful
a. having or expressing a wish
wishful thinking
the false belier that sth. is true of will happen simply because one wishes it 如意算盘

PHRASRS & EXPRESSIONS

meet with
experience or suffer
credit sb. with sth.
believe sb. has sth. or is responsible for sth.
account for
be responsible for, explain
have (...) to do with
have a (...)connection with
to the contrary
to the opposite effect, in disagreement
distinguish between
tell the difference between, separate (one) from (the other)
be hung up on / about
(infml.) be infatuated with or enthusiastic about 迷恋；热衷于
put a (high) premium on
regard as (very) important
in principle
as regards the general truth or rule, as fat as the overall idea is concerned
take sb.'s word (for it)
believe sb.; accept what sb. says as correct
in practice
in the actual doing of sth.
subject to
cause to experience or undergo

PROPER NAMES

Paul G. Hewitt
保罗.G.休伊特
Copernicus
哥白尼
Bruno
布鲁诺
Galileo
伽利略