英汉对译中的宏观设计与比较语言学的运用(2)
网络资源 Freekaoyan.com/2008-04-11
上面的例子中,第二个句子是按照时间的先后对第一个句子所说的实验的过程进行描述。用了六个逗号将句子各成分断开。来源:考试大
上面的汉语短讯可译为:
Tiger Cloned By Using Other Animal SpeciesProf. Huang Yuxi from Seoul University of South Korea is now working on an experiment, in which eggs from cows are used to clone tigers and then lionesses are used as surrogate mothers. He takes the following steps. First, a cell is picked from the body of a tiger and the nucleus is taken from the cell. Next , this nucleus is put next to the egg from a cow whose nucleus has been removed. Then, gentle pluses of electricity are applied to prompt the egg to accept the new nucleus and to make them merge into a new cell. When the new cell has undergone biochemical activity and entered into the process of cell division, the embryo is implanted in the uterus of a lioness.
4、英语里介词使用频率很高,比比皆是,有的介词有动作的含义(如across, around等)。汉语里仅有少量表示方向和位置意义的字(如“在”、“向”、“朝”等),但没有介词。
5、英语句子里有冠词a,an,the。冠词有某种意义。汉语没有相应于英语冠词的语言成分。
6、在英语里,表示人、物、事的名词一旦出现,在段落中要避免重复,在同一句子中决不重复,再要提到,则用同义词,更多的是使用代词。所以it, she, he, they, this, that these, those, one, ones 在文章中反复出现。可是在汉语里,尽管有“他”、“她”、“它”等代词,但习惯上重复名词还是使用代词是根据修辞逻辑需要而定,不怕重复名词。英语里不但避免重复名词,而且避免重复同一动词、形容词和副词。汉语里名词、动词、形容词常常数次重复。
7、英语里被动语态频繁出现。汉语里也有被动,但用得较少。来源:考试大
8、英语句子内部各成份的排列顺序与汉语句子内部各成份的排列顺序不一样。在英语句子中,状语从句的位置比较灵活,可以在主句前,也可在主句后,甚至插在主句中。在汉语句子中,绝大多数状语在句子前部,只有极少数(如结果状语,个别让步或原因状语)在句子后部。在英语句子中,修饰名词的定语可以在该名词的前或后,单个的词在该词前,短语和定语从句在该词后。在汉语句子中,修饰名词的定语只能在该名词前。在英语句子中,同位语和同位语从句一定在先行词后。在汉语句子中,表示身份的说明一定在前,对某事物的细述可以在前也可以在后。即使是最简单的句子情况也如此,如:昨天下午我在南京路上见到我老朋友李明。英语是I saw my long-time friend Li ming in Nanjing
