I. Historical Background 每 multi-faceted

　　1.Cold War

　　2.McCarthyism （persecution of communists）

　　3.Korean War

　　4.Civil Rights Movement

　　5.Counter-culture Movement 每 political, economical and military achievement

　　II. Literature in the 1950s

　　1.Regional literature emerged from the south, etc. Many women writers appeared.

　　2.Dramatists wrote about everyday people, e.g. Arthur Miller.

　　3.Minority literature developed quickly.

　　III.    Literature in the 1960s

　　This period is the rising period of post-modern literature. Many forms of post-modern fiction appeared, such as metafiction, surfiction, parafiction, self-reflexive fiction, self-begetting fiction, anti-novel, etc. The literature in this period is considered as ※multi-cultural§ literature. The same mood in this period is despair, but continuing to search absurdity of modern life; lonely, but searching for the meaning of existence; identity.

　　Section 1 Poetry I. Features

　　1.Some poets found inspiration in the past.

　　2.Poetry became more attuned to political and social issues of the period.

　　3.Poets became more visible in American public life.

　　4.There was no prescribed form for poetry.

　　5.Poets became more political. Themes such as homosexuality, racism, etc. are included in the poems. In 1960s, poetry became more and more political.

　　II. Schools of Poetry （time, representatives, major features）

　　1.Confessional Poets: Robert Lowell

　　The greatness of Lowell lies in the fact that, in talking candidly about himself, he is examining the culture of his nation. The identification of personal experience with that of an age has always ensured greatness and even immortality as it did.

　　2.Black Mountain Poets: Charles Olson

　　There is an emphasis on the importance of the moments of awareness. It portrays a world of ※awakened, contemplative awareness§, one in which civilization appears alien, cold, and almost unreal.

　　3.Beat Generation: Alien Ginsberg

　　In the fifties, there was a widespread discontentment among the post-war generation, whose voice was one of protest against all the mainstream culture America had come to represent.

　　Section 2 Fiction I. General Features

　　1.matter of fact

　　2.frank, amazingly detailed about war experiences

　　3.lacking social consciousness

　　II. Overview

　　1.Post-war Realism: Cheever, Oates

　　2.Black Novel: Richard Wlight, Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin, Malcolm, Leroi Jones

　　3.Jewish Novel: Saul Bellow

　　III.    Post-War Realism

　　1.Features

　　（1）Naturalistic depiction has become explicit: old-fashioned realism is combined with modernism.

　　（2）While following the realistic and naturalistic tradition, these writers borrowed various experimental forms and techniques in probing the inner world in detail.

　　（3）It has been a search for a way to connect an oppressed response to society and history and an awareness of individual loneliness.

　　2.J. D. Salinger

　　（1）Life

　　（2）Point of view

　　One of his frequent themes is young people longing for simplicity and truth instead of complexity and hypocrisy of the life they observed around them. In his novels, he questions the moral foundations of society and often places innocent idealist characters in setting where a vicious, corrupt society could destroy them. Although his stories are often pessimistic, the characters represent hope rather than despair. They want to affirm truth. They deplore the lies with which the society conceals its own corruption. They withdraw the society, become drop-outs rather than participants in the society.

　　（3）Catcher in the Rye

　　IV.     Black Humour

　　1.definition: to deal with tragic things in comic ways to make it more powerful and more tragic.

　　It refers to the use of morbid and absurd for darkly comic purpose. It carries the tone of anger, bitterness in the grotesque situation of suffering, anxiety, and death. It makes the reader laugh at the blackness of modern life. The writers usually do not laugh at the characters.

　　2.Features

　　（1）Comic way to express tragic situations

　　（2）Creation of anti-hero

　　（3）Illogical narrative structure

　　3.Joseph Heller

　　（1）Life

　　（2）Catch-22

　　It is not only a war novel, but also a novel about people＊s life in peaceful time. This novel attacked the dehumanization of all contemporary institutions and corruptions of individuals who gain power in institutions. Armed-forces are the most outrageous example of the two evils.

　　Language: circular conversation, wrenched clich谷

　　Jewish Literature I. Definition

　　Jewish literature refers to published creative writings by American Jews about their American experiences. This kind of writings is shown in Jewish perspective.