三、推理性试题的常见提问方式及答题技巧

    它要求考生能推断话语中深层含义或弦外之音。因此考生要学会理解作者讲话的内涵和反义，或者作者选用某一词语的比喻用法。这种题一般从文章中不能直接找到答案，要在正确理解原文和字面意思的基础上，准确理解文章字里行间的意思，我们需要对找到的相关信息进行仔细的分析，弄清它们相互之间在时间、方位、因果、对比等逻辑关系，在此基础上进行综合的推理。所以,推理题仅比主题思想题稍微容易点，但比主要事实及细节题要难。

推理性试题在题目中会有几个词：

Infer, imply, suggest, conclude, conclusion, probably.

(1): The passage implies (suggests) that ___

(2): It can be inferred from the passage that ___

(3): Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

例： When we talk about intelligence, we do not mean the ability to get good scores on certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving, especially in a new or upsetting situation. If we want to test intelligence, we need to find out how a person acts instead of how much he knows what to do.
For instance, when in a new situation, an intelligent person thinks about the situation, not about himself or what might happen to him. He tries to find out all he can, and then he acts immediately and tries to do something about it. He probably isn't sure how it will all work out, but at least he tries. And, if he can't make things work out right, he doesn't feel ashamed that he failed; he just tries to learn from his mistakes. An intelligent person, even if he is very young, has a special outlook on life, a special feeling about life, and knows how he fits into it.
If you look at children, you'll see great difference between what we call "bright" children and "not-bright" children. They are actually two different kinds of people, not just the same kind with different amount of intelligence. For example, the bright child really wants to find out about life - he tries to get in touch with everything around him. But, the unintelligent child keeps more to himself and his own dream-world; he seems to have a wall between him and life in general.
1. According to this passage, intelligence is __________.
A. the ability to study well
B. the ability to do well in school
C. the ability to deal with life
D. the ability to get high scores on some tests
2. In a new situation, an intelligent person__________.
A. knows more about what might happen to him
B. is sure of the result he will get
C. concentrates on what to do about the situation
D. cares more about himself
3. If an intelligent person failed, he would__________.
A. try not to feel ashamed
B. learn from his experiences
C. try to regret as much as possible
D. make sure what result he would get
4. Bright children and not-bright children__________.
A. are two different types of children
B. are different mainly in their degree of cleverness
C. have difference only in their way of thinking
D. have different knowledge about the world
5. The author of this passage will probably continue to talk about __________.
A. how to determine what intelligence is
B. how education should be found
C. how to solve practical problems
D. how an unintelligent person should be taught

提示：第五题是个推理性试题，是根据已有内容来推测作者即将探讨的内容。

最后一段开始涉及‘不聪明孩子’存在的问题，显然D是最可能的答案。

四、阅读理解词汇题常见的试题形式及答题

阅读理解中有一种题型，会考文章中的某个词是什么意思。其中，所考的词或词组大多不为考生所熟悉，往往会超纲。所以在测试中，往往要求考生可以直接或间接地找到其解释的一些偏难词，有时则是一些对考生并非陌生，只是其意义在特定的语境中已有所改变的词或者词语。总之，凡是考词汇的题都比较难，主要是考同学们根据上下文、构词常识、或其它的方法，猜测词义的能力。

常见的考词汇的题往往会是这样一些形式：

The word “…” in line 5 refers to (means) ___

The word “…” (line 3, para 2) most probably means ___

By “…” the author means ___

The word “…”could best be replaced by which of the following?

解答这类题要注意，任何一个词语都不是孤立的。所考的词的前后，往往会给我们猜测题义的线索，什么线索都有，比如说某个定义，解释，甚至标点符号，关连词等都可以帮助大家支猜测某些词或词组的含义。除此之外，还必须注意所考词或词组跟前后一些词所形成的同义、反义、开列关系。实在没有线索的，我们可以根据构词法，生活常识等来猜测词义。

这类题的做题技巧：

１．标点符号是理解词义的一条重要线索，因为这些词的定义就是通过标点符号，如逗号、冒号、破折号和括号等来完成的。

如：

Sometimes we work on night shift --- from 7:30pm to 7:30am.

从破折号后的说明，可以确定“night shift”是“夜班”的意思。

２．有时可以借助信号词is, or, is called, that is, refer to, define as等，来理解考核的词汇。

如：

     A volcano is a kind of chimney, or ‘vent’ which goes down to a liquid deep inside the earth, called ‘magma’(岩浆)。Three types of material come out of the vent: a hot liquid called lava, pieces of rock, and great quantities of gas. The lava and rock often collect round the vent and form what is known as the volcano’s ‘cone’(火山堆)。

     Question: The word ‘vent’means _____.

A.     something like a chimney in the volcano

B.     magma deep inside the earth

C.     the volcano’s cone

D.     lava,rock,and gas

解题说明：根据chimney后的逗号及辅助词or，我们可以猜出vent和chimney是同义词。故本题答案为A。另外上下文Three types of material come out of the vent:，我们可以确定‘vent’是“火山口”的意思。

３．根据生词（或多义词）前后出现的其他词语的意思或整个句子的意思猜测。

如：

            What makes it rain? Rain falls from clouds for the same reason anything falls to Earth. The Earth’s gravity (重力) pulls it. But every cloud is made of water droplets or ice crystals. Why doesn’t rain or snow fall constantly from all clouds? The droplets or ice crystals in clouds are exceedingly small. The effect of gravity on them is minute. Air currents move and lift droplets so that the net downward displacement is zero, even though the droplets are in constant motion.

           Droplets and ice crystals behave somewhat like dust in the air made visible in a shaft (束) of sunlight. To the casual observer, dust seems to act in a totally random fashion, moving about wildly without fixed direction. But in fact dust particles are much larger than water droplets and they finally fall. The cloud droplet of average size is only very small in diameter. (78) It is so small that it would take sixteen hours to fall half a mile in perfectly still air, and it does not fall out of moving air at all. Only when the droplet grows to a diameter of 0。008 inch or larger can it fall from the cloud. The average raindrop contains a million times as much water as a tiny cloud droplet. The growth of a cloud droplet to a size large enough to fall out is the cause of rain.

1.     What is the main topic of the passage?

A.     The mechanics of rain.

B.     The climate of North America.

C.     How gravity affects air current.

D.     Types of clouds.

2.    The word “minute” in  Line 5 is closest in meaning to which for the following?

A. Second.       B. Tiny.       C. Smooth.       D. Predictable.

3. What makes rain fall?

   A. air currents’ movement

   B. the earth gravity

   C. droplets’ movement

   D. the size of the droplets

4. What can be inferred about drops of water larger than 1/125 inch in diameter?

   A. They never occur.

   B. They are not affected by the force of gravity.

   C. They would fall to earth.

   D. In moving air they fall at a speed of thirty-two miles per hour.

5. What is not mentioned in the passage?

   A. Rain does not fall from all the clouds.

   B. The effect of the gravity on droplets is minute.

   C. the average raindrop contains much more water than a tiny cloud droplets.

   D. The shape of the clouds have a great influence on the raindrop.

提示：第2题考核的“minute”这个词，其意思可以结合前面一句“The droplets or ice crystals in clouds are exceedingly small.”出来，既然水滴和冰粒极其小，其重力肯定也是极小的。

４．有些句子在生词的前后语境中提供了反义词或同义词，根据其反义词或同义词，可以猜出其词义。此外要注意Rather than,  whereas, unlike, but,  yet, although, however， in contrast, on the other hand等信号词前后词汇的关联问题。

 如：

It is the difficulty of overcoming the barrier of the pupils’ mother tongue. For the mother tongue acts as a block in all the learners’ reaction.

    解题说明：许多作者为了避免用词重复，在文章中经常使用同义词来表达相同的意思。这里作者在句中用“block”来表示与“barrier”同样的意思“障碍”。只要认识其中一个词，就能推出另一个词的词义。

５．凭借常识或经验来猜测词义。

如：

Most crime drama on television is about finding the criminal. As soon as he is arrested, the story is over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious cases like murders and terrorists attacks---where failure to produce results will affect the reputation of the police, little effort is spent on searching. The police have an elaborate machinery which eventually shows up the most wanted men. After having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. In order to prove his case in court he often has to spend a lot of time gathering evidence.

Question: “The most wanted men” in the paragraph refers to _____

A.     the most dangerous criminals.

B.     Most of the witnesses wanted.

C.     Those the police are searching for.

D.     The men the police are most interested in arresting.

解题说明： 依据上下文的意思，“the most wanted men”不可能是A和Ｂ项。据常识，警察从一台轻巧的机器（电脑）中最后显示出的人也只能是嫌疑犯，即“警察正在寻找的人”（C），不可能是“警察最有兴趣抓的人”（D），因为电脑也是根据警方提供有关嫌疑犯的特征等线索的指令去寻找类似的人，所以说电脑提供的不一定就是警方所感兴趣的人。故C项正确。

6．根据构词法的常识来猜测词义。

    对词的结构进行分析，并且熟悉基本的构词法，可以帮助我们在阅读过程中有效地猜测词义，提高阅读速度，从而达到良好的阅读效果．一个词的基本词义可根据词根来判断，但并不改变其词性．英语中的构词法主要有以下3种方法：

1．转化。

2．合成。原本是独立的单词，合成在一块，touch-me-not　含羞草

3．派生。在词根的基础上（词根多是动词、形容词、副词，名词有时也可以用词根。前面加点叫前缀，后面加点叫后缀，一个词可以派生出好几个单词。例如：supermarket(超级市场),foretell(预言),discontent(不满),unusual(不平常的)等．而后缀不但可以增加或改变一词的意义，而且改变其词性．modernize形容词“现代的”成为动词“现代化”，waiter动词“等候”变成“侍者”，childless名词“小孩”成为形容词“无子女的”等。只要知道词根的意义，又熟悉前缀和后缀表示的意义，就不难判断这些词的词义。

五、推断作者态度

一般来说，大多数的议论文反映作者的思想倾向，而作者对所陈述的观点是赞成、反对，还是犹豫不定，是同情、冷漠，还是厌恶，这种思想倾向有时不会直接表达出来，而往往是隐含在字里行间。因此，考生既要依靠文章的主题思想作为推理的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。

常见的提问形式有：

1）、The tone of the passage can best be described as…

2）、The author’s opinion…

3）、Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude?

   如

    For years and years people have been saying that the railways are dead. “We can do without railways.” People say-as if motorcars and planes have made the railways unnecessary. (76) We all keep hearing that trains are slow, that they lost money, that they lost money, that they’re dying. But this is far from the truth. In these days of expensive oil, the railways have become highly competitive with motorcars and planes. If you want to carry people or goods from place to place, they are cheaper than planes. And they have much in common with planes. A plane goes in a straight line and so does a railway. What is more, it takes you from the heart of a city into the heart of another. It doesn’t leave you as a plane does, miles and miles from the city center. It doesn’t hold you up as a car does, in endless traffic jams. And a single train can carry goods which no plane or motorcar could ever do.

    Far from being dead, the railways are very much alive. Modern railway lines give you a smooth, untroubled journey. Where else can you eat well, sleep in comfort, feel safe and enjoy the scene while you are traveling at speed at the same time? And we are only at the beginning. For we have just entered the age of super-fast trains(超速列车)，trains traveling at 150 miles an hour and more. (77)Soon we will be wondering why we spent so much on motor-ways we can’t use because we have not enough money to buy the oil and planes we can’t fly in for the same reason.

1.     Some people think the railways are unnecessary for many reasons except that ________.

A.     planes and motorcars have taken the place of trains

B.     oil is expensive today

C.     trains are slow

D.     railways lose money

2.    The writer’s idea seems to be that______.

A.    we can do without railways

B.    trains have much in common with motorcars and planes

C.    motor cars and planes are not as good as trains

D.    trains are as good as motorcars and planes

3.    According to the writer, which of the following is not true? ______.

A.    It is cheaper to travel by train than by plane

B.    The railway station is usually at the center of a city

C.    When you get off the plane you will find yourself right in the city center

D.    No motorcar or plane can carry as many goods as a train does

4.     The writer thinks that the railways, far from being dead, are very much alive because_______.

A.     we can have a smooth and untroubled journey

B.     we’ll not have enough money to fly in planes

C.     we can now travel in super-fast trains

D.     all the above

5.     The best title for this passage may be _____.

A.     Not the End, but the Beginning.

B.     Which is the Best: Train, Motorcar or Plane?

C.     Trains Are More Competitive than Motorcars or Planes.

D.     Oh, Super-fast Trains!

     提示：第2题、第3题考核对作者倾向或态度的推断。答案并不是现成的，至少不那么直接。答案分别是D 、C 。

综上，一般来说，除了中心思想题（一般在第一或第五题）和推论题（一般在最后一题）之外，出题的顺序和文章的展开顺序是一致的。一般情况下，前两三个问题可以在文章前一半找到答案，两三个问题，可以在文章的后一半找到答案。

在阅读理解时，先看文章后面的五道试题，带着问题去看文章，然后快速阅读。读文章时读到了，可以做个记号，不要答题。读第二遍时，用寻读和细读两种方法，就能更加准确地把握试题，然后再答题，这样省时省力。

另外，回答问作者的态度、观点、写作目的时，切记不要按自己的主观判断来答题，要根据文章的内容来答题。

最后，文章比较难的时候，不要紧张，切记不要轻易放弃，因为出题相对比较简单。文章容易阅读时，出题相对会难一点。